Section Resources
Section I: Race/Ethnicity
- Classic Journal Articles
- Racial Identity Models
- Helms, J. E. (1995). An update of Helm's White and people of color racial identity models. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L.A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 181–198). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Vandiver, B. J., Fhagen-Smith, P. E., Cokley, K. O., Cross, W. E., Jr., & Worrell, F. C. (2001). Cross's nigrescence model: From theory to scale to theory. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29, 174–200.
- Ruiz, A. S. (1990). Ethnic identity: Crisis and resolution. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 18, 29–40.
- Ethnicity
McGoldrick, M. (1996). M. McGoldrick, J. Pearce, & J. Giordano (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 1–27). New York: Guilford.
- SAGE Journal Articles
- A Three-Dimensional Model for Counseling Racial/Ethnic Minorities
D. R. Atkinson, C. E. Thompson, and S. K. Grant
The Counseling Psychologist, 1993; vol. 21: pp. 257–277. - Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A Reconceptualization of African American Racial Identity
R. M. Sellers, M. A. Smith, J. N. Shelton, S. A. J. Rowley, and T. M. Chavous
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1998; vol. 2: pp. 18–39. - Understanding Ethnic Diversity: The Role of Ethnic Identity
J. S. Phinney
American Behavioral Scientist, 1996; vol. 40: pp. 143–152. - Ethical Mandates for Multicultural Sensitivity for Family Counseling
A. J. Thomas
The Family Journal, 1998; vol. 6: pp. 49–51. - White Racial Identity Attitude Theories: A Rose by Any Other Name Is Still a Rose
C. J. Block and R. T. Carter
The Counseling Psychologist, 1996; vol. 24: pp. 326–334. - Invisibility Syndrome and Racial Identity Development in Psychotherapy and Counseling African American Men
A. J. Franklin
The Counseling Psychologist, 1999; vol. 27: pp. 761–793. - White Racial Identity Models: A Critique and Alternative Proposal
W. Rowe, S. K. Bennett, and D. R. Atkinson
The Counseling Psychologist, 1994; vol. 22: pp. 129–146. - Racial Identity and Relationship Satisfaction in African American Gay Men
R. McLean, I. Marini, and M. Pope
The Family Journal, 2003; vol. 11: pp. 13–22.
- White Racial Identity Development and Cross-Cultural Counselor Training: A Stage Model
H. B. Sabnani, J. G. Ponterotto, and L. G. Borodovsky
The Counseling Psychologist, 1991; vol. 19: pp. 76–102. - Misrepresentation and Interpretation:Critical Evaluation of White Racial Identity Development Models
W. Rowe and D. R. Atkinson
The Counseling Psychologist, 1995; vol. 23: pp. 364–367. - Helms's White Racial Identity Development (WRID) Theory: Another Look
C. E. Thompson
The Counseling Psychologist, 1994; vol. 22: pp. 645–649. - White Racial Identity and the Counseling Professional
J. G. Ponterotto
The Counseling Psychologist, 1993; vol. 21: pp. 213–217. - Chicana/o Ethnic Identity Research: Lessons for Researchers and Counselors
M. Pizarro and E. M. Vera
The Counseling Psychologist, 2001; vol. 29: pp. 91–117. - Biracial Youth and Their Parents: Counseling Considerations for Family Therapists
L. McClurg
The Family Journal, 2004; vol. 12: pp. 170–173.
- Invisibility Syndrome in African Descent People: Understanding the Cultural Manifestations of the Struggle for Self-Affirmation
T. A. Parham
The Counseling Psychologist, 1999; vol. 27: pp. 794–801. - Race in the Room: Issues in the Dynamic Psychotherapy of African Americans
D. Y. Liggan and J. Kay
Transcultural Psychiatry, 1999; vol. 36: pp. 195–209. - On the Dangers of Disconnecting Race and Racism
D. Mason
Sociology, 1994; vol. 28: pp. 845–858. - Cultural-Identity Development and Family Assessment: An Interaction Model
G. V. Gushue
The Counseling Psychologist, 1993; vol. 21: pp. 487–513. - Race and Ethnicity in Empirical Counseling and Counseling Psychology Research: A 10-Year Review
E. A. Delgado-Romero, N. Galvan, P. Maschino, and M. Rowland
Counseling Psychologist, 2005; vol. 33: pp. 419–448. - Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem of Latino Adolescents: Distinctions Among the Latino Populations
A. J. Umana-Taylor, M. Diversi, and M. A. Fine
Journal of Adolescent Research, 2002; vol. 17: pp. 303–327.
- A Three-Dimensional Model for Counseling Racial/Ethnic Minorities
Section II: Immigration/Acculturation
- Classic Journal Articles
- Birman, D. (1994). Acculturation and human diversity in a multicultural society. In E. J. Trickett, R. J. Watts, & D. Birman (Eds.), Human diversity: Perspectives on people in context (pp. 261–284). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- SAGE Journal Articles
- Helping a Japanese Immigrant Family Cope With Acculturation Issues: A Case Study
A. Seto and M. S. Woodford
The Family Journal, 2007; vol. 15: pp. 167–173. - Intercultural Contact and Intergenerational Transmission in Immigrant Families
B. Nauck
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2001; vol. 32: pp. 159–173. - Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Cultural Frame Switching: Bicultural Identity Integration and Valence of Cultural Cues
C.-Y. Cheng, F. Lee, and V. Benet-Martinez
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2006, vol. 37: pp. 742–760. - Latino Families: The Relevance of the Connection Among Acculturation, Family Dynamics, and Health for Family Counseling Research and Practice
A. O. Miranda, J. M. Bilot, P. R. Peluso, K. Berman, and L. G. Van Meek
The Family Journal, 2006; vol. 14: pp. 268–273. - Language Brokering and the Acculturation of Latino Children
R. S. Weisskirch and S. A. Alva
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2002; vol. 24: pp. 369–378. - Effects of Latino Acculturation and Ethnic Identity on Mental Health Outcomes
G. Gamst, R. H. Dana, A. Der-Karabetian, M. Aragon, L. M. Arellano, and T. Kramer
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2002; vol. 24: pp. 479–504. - Negotiating Biculturalism: Cultural Frame Switching in Biculturals With Oppositional Versus Compatible Cultural Identities
V. Benet-Martinez, J. Leu, F. Lee, and M. W. Morris
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2002; vol. 33: pp. 492–516. - Development of a Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics
G. Marin, F. Sabogal, B. V. Marin, R. Otero-Sabogal, and E. J. Perez-Stable
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1987; vol. 9: pp. 183–205. - An Empirical Comparison of Acculturation Models
W. P. Flannery, S. P. Reise, and J. Yu
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 2001; vol. 27: pp. 1035–1045. - Measuring Acculturation: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go
L. J. Cabassa
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2003; vol. 25: pp. 127–146. - Biculturalism: A Model of the Effects of Second-Culture Exposure on Acculturation and Integrative Complexity
C. T. Tadmor and P. E. Tetlock
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2006; vol. 37: pp. 173–190. - Acculturation and Adaptation Revisited
C. Ward and A. Rana-Deuba
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1999; vol. 30: pp. 422–442. A Note on the Relationship Between Acculturation and Socioeconomic Status
C. Negy and D. J. Woods
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1992; vol. 14: pp. 248–251. - Acculturative Stress: Minority Status and Distress
D. H. Saldaina
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1994; vol. 16: pp. 116–128. - Acculturative Stress: The Experience of the Hispanic Immigrant
J. F. Smart and D. W. Smart
The Counseling Psychologist, 1995; vol. 23: pp. 25–42. - Acculturative Stress and Specific Coping Strategies Among Immigrant and Later Generation College Students
F. J. Mena, A. M. Padilla, and M. Maldonado
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1987; vol. 9: pp. 207–225. - Acculturative Stress: Latino Immigrants and the Counseling Profession
S. M. Quintana
The Counseling Psychologist, 1995; vol. 23: pp. 68–73. - Bicultural Social Development
A. M. Padilla
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2006; vol. 28: pp. 467–497. - Moving Beyond Linear Trajectories of Language Shift and Bilingual Language Socialization
L. Pease-Alvarez
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2002; vol. 24: pp. 114–137. - Dios y el Norte: The Perceptions of Wives of Documented and Undocumented Mexican Immigrants to the United States
V. N. S. de Snyder, Ma. de Jesus Diaz-Perez, A. Acevedo, and L. X. Natera
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1996; vol. 18: pp. 283–296. - Gender Roles and Settlement Activities Among Children and Their Immigrant Families
A. Valenzuela Jr.
American Behavioral Scientist, 1999; vol. 42: pp. 720–742. - Predictors of Attitudes Toward Illegal Latino Immigrants
G. Cowan, L. Martinez, and S. Mendiola
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1997; vol. 19: pp. 403–415. - Immigrants and Refugees: The Psychiatric Perspective
J. D. Kinzie
Transcultural Psychiatry, 2006; vol. 43: pp. 577–591. - Biculturalism and Cognitive Complexity: Expertise in Cultural Representations
V. Benet-Martinez, F. Lee, and J. Leu
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2006; vol. 37: pp. 386–407. - "Unpackaging" Acculturation: Aspects of Acculturation as Predictors of Traditional Sex Role Attitudes
J. S. Phinney and J. Flores
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2002; vol. 33: pp. 320–331. - The Structure of Ethnic Identity of Young Adolescents From Diverse Ethnocultural Groups
R. E. Roberts, J. S. Phinney, L. C. Masse, Y. R. Chen, C. R. Roberts, and A. Romero
The Journal of Early Adolescence, 1999; vol. 19: pp. 301–322. - Autonomy and Relatedness in Adolescent-Parent Disagreements: Ethnic and Developmental Factors
J. S. Phinney, T. Kim-Jo, S. Osorio, and P. Vilhjalmsdottir
Journal of Adolescent Research, 2005; vol. 20: pp. 8–39.
- Helping a Japanese Immigrant Family Cope With Acculturation Issues: A Case Study
Section III: Religion
- Classic Journal Articles
- Walsh, F. (1998). Beliefs, spirituality, and transcendence: Keys to family resilience. In M. McGoldrick (Ed.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practice (pp. 62–77). New York: Guilford.
- SAGE Journal Articles
- Impossible "Choices": Identity and Values at a Crossroads
M. L. Miville and A. D. Ferguson
Counseling Psychologist, 2004; vol. 32: pp. 760–770. - Religion: An Overlooked Dimension in Cross-Cultural Psychology
N. Tarakeshwar, J. Stanton, and K. I. Pargament
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2003; vol. 34: pp. 377–394. - Uniting Spirituality and Sexual Counseling
T. E. Turner, H. Center, and J. D. Kiser
The Family Journal, 2004; vol. 12: pp. 419–422. - The Spiritual Genogram in Training and Supervision
M. W. Frame
The Family Journal, 2001; vol. 9: pp. 109–115.
- Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling: Ethical Considerations
M. W. Frame
The Family Journal, 2000, vol. 8: pp. 72–74. - Opening Space for Dialogue Between Postmodern Therapists and Evangelical Couples
P. G. Blanton
The Family Journal, 2004; vol. 12: pp. 375–382. - Spirituality, Marriage, and Family
P. Giblin
The Family Journal, 1996; vol. 4: pp. 46–52. - Religious and Spiritual Issues in Counseling Psychology Training
D. L. Schulte, T. A. Skinner, and C. D. Claibom
The Counseling Psychologist, 2002; vol. 30: pp. 118–134. - The Challenge of Religious Conflicts in Couples Counseling
C. Weld and K. Eriksen
The Family Journal, 2006; vol. 14: pp. 383–391. - A Social Constructionist Approach to Counseling Religious Couples
M. W. Frame
The Family Journal, 1996; vol. 4: pp. 299–307. - Families and Spirituality: Therapists as Facilitators
B. A. Griffith and J. C. Rotter
The Family Journal, 1999; vol. 7: pp. 161–164.
- Impossible "Choices": Identity and Values at a Crossroads
Section IV: Social Class
- Classic Journal Articles
- Aponte, H. (1994). Bread and spirit: Therapy with the new poor, diversity of race, culture, and values. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
- Fukuyama, M., & Sevig, T. (1999). Integrating Spirituality into multicultural counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Kliman, J. (1998). Social class as a relationship: Implications for family therapy. In M. McGoldrick (Ed.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practice (pp. 50–61). New York: Guilford.
- SAGE Journal Articles
- From Whence We Came: The Role of Social Class in Our Families of Origin
M. J. Heppner and A. B. Scott
The Counseling Psychologist, 2004; vol. 32: pp. 596–602. - Complicating Race: The Relationship Between Prejudice, Race, and Social Class Categorizations
M. Weeks and M. B. Lupfer
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 2004; vol. 30: pp. 972–984. - We Are, Therefore I Am: A Multisystems Approach With Families in Poverty
S. L. Brown
The Family Journal, 2002; vol. 10: pp. 405–409.
- From Whence We Came: The Role of Social Class in Our Families of Origin
Section V: Sexual Orientation
- Classic Journal Articles
- Cass, V. C. (1984). Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model. Journal of Sex Research, 20, 143–167.
- D’Augell, A. R. (1994). Identity development and sexual orientation: Toward a model of lesbian, gay, and bisexual development. In E. J. Trickett, R. J. Watts, & D. Birman (Eds.), Human diversity: Perspectives on people in context (pp. 312–333). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- McCarn, S. R., & Fassinger, R. E. (1996). Revisioning sexual minority identity formation: A new model of lesbian identity and its implications. Counseling Psychologist, 24, 508–534.
- SAGE Journal Articles
- Heterosexual Identity Development: A Multidimensional Model of Individual and Social Identity
R. L. Worthington, H. B. Savoy, F. R. Dillon, and E. R. Vernaglia
The Counseling Psychologist, 2002; vol. 30: pp. 496–531. - Heterosexual Identity and the Heterosexual Therapist: An Identity Perspective on Sexual Orientation Dynamics in Psychotherapy
J. J. Mohr
The Counseling Psychologist, 2002; vol. 30: pp. 532–566. - Talking About Family: Disclosure Practices of Adults Raised by Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Parents
A. E. Goldberg
Journal of Family Issues, 2007; vol. 28: pp. 100–131. - Changing Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Homosexuals: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature
E. W. Tucker and M. Potocky-Tripodi
Research on Social Work Practice, 2006; vol. 16: pp. 176–190. - Counseling Gay and Lesbian Families: Theoretical Considerations
J. L. Adams, J. D. Jaques, and K. M. May
The Family Journal, 2004; vol. 12: pp. 40–42. - The Social Implications of Sexual Identity Formation and the Coming-Out Process: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature
C. M. Mosher
The Family Journal, 2001; vol. 9: pp. 164–173. - Family Counseling and Referral With Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients: Ethical Considerations
G. R. Janson
The Family Journal, 2002; vol. 10: pp. 328–333. - The Hidden Minority: Issues and Challenges in Working With Lesbian Women and Gay Men
R. E. Fassinger
The Counseling Psychologist, 1991; vol. 19: pp. 157–176. - Why Do Individuals Seek Conversion Therapy?: The Role of Religiosity, Internalized Homonegativity, and Identity Development
E. E. Tozer and J. A. Hayes
The Counseling Psychologist, 2004; vol. 32: pp. 716–740. - Revisioning Sexual Minority Identity Formation: A New Model of Lesbian Identity and Its Implications for Counseling and Research
S. R. McCarn and R. E. Fassinger
The Counseling Psychologist, 1996; vol. 24: pp. 508–534. - Engaging Men in Couples Counseling: Strategies for Overcoming Ambivalence and Inexpressiveness
M. Englar-Carlson and D. S. Shepard
The Family Journal, 2005; vol. 13: pp. 383–391.
- Heterosexual Identity Development: A Multidimensional Model of Individual and Social Identity