» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of organizations that monitor extremist sentiment and terrorist behavior. Compare and contrast these organizations.

1. What are the primary agendas of these organizations?

2. How would you describe the differences between research, government, and social activist organizations?

3. In your opinion, are any of these organizations more comprehensive than other organizations? Less comprehensive?

For an online search of research and monitoring organizations, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Terrorism Research”
“Human Rights Organizations”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide general information about terrorism:

Anti-Defamation League:
http://www.adl.org

Combating Terrorism Center at West Point:
http://www.ctc.usma.edu/

Iraq Coalition Casualty Count (iCasualties.org): http://icasualties.org/oif/

Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism: http://www.mipt.org/

RAND:
http://www.rand.org

Southern Poverty Law Center:
http://www.splcenter.org

Terrorism Research Center:
http://www.terrorism.com

U.S. Department of Homeland Security: http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm

U.S. Department of State:
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/

» Recommended Readings

The following publications provide an introduction to terrorism.

Farber, David, ed. What They Think of Us: International Perceptions of the United States Since 9/11. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Griset, Pamala L., and Sue Mahan. Terrorism in Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003.

Hersh, Seymour M. Chain of Command: The Road From 9/11 to Abu Ghraib. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

Heymann, Phillip B., and Juliette N. Kayyem. Protecting Liberty in an Age of Terror. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005.

Hobsbawm, Eric J. On Empire: America, War, and Global Supremacy. New York: Pantheon, 2008.

Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: Norton, 2004.

Reed, Charles, and David Ryall, eds. The Price of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Scheuer, Michael. Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of the fundamental characteristics of extremism.

1. What commonalities can you find in the statements of these groups?

2. Is there anything that strikes you as being particularly extremist?

3. Why or why not?

For an online search of different approaches to defining extremism and terrorism, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following
keywords:
“Definitions of Terrorism”
“Extremism”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites illustrate the nature of extremism.

British National Party:
http://www.bnp.org.uk/links.html

Council of Conservative Citizens:
http://www.cofcc.org

Earth First! Radical Environmental Journal:
http://www.earthfirstjournal.org

Front National (France):
http://www.frontnational.com

Socialist Party USA:
http://www.sp-usa.org

»Recommended Readings

The following publications provide discussions for defining terrorism and terrorism’s underlying extremist motivations.

Carr, Matthew. The Infernal Machine: A History of Terrorism. New York: New Press, 2007.

Hamm, Mark S., ed. Hate Crime: International Perspectives on Causes and Control. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson, 1994.

Howard, Lawrence, ed. Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Kassimeris, George, ed. Playing Politics With Terrorism: A User’s Guide. Hurst: Columbia University Press, 2007.

Laqueur, Walter. The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Lawrence, Frederick M. Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes Under American Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Sederberg, Peter C. Terrorist Myths: Illusion, Rhetoric, and Reality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of the causes of extremist agitation and terrorist violence.

1. What issues do these groups consider to have unquestioned merit? What reasons do they give for this quality?

2. What scenarios do you think might cause these groups to engage in direct confrontation
or violence?

3. Act as “devil’s advocate” and defend one of these causes that you disagree with.

For an online search of factors that are commonly cited as causes for terrorist violence, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Intifada”
“Just War”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide links to examples of the reasons given for political agitation, as explained by activist organizations and movements.

European Federation of Green Parties (Belgium):
http://www.europeangreens.org

Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Mexico):
http://www.ezln.org.mx/index.html

Jewish Defense League (United States):
http://www.jdl.org

Palestinian Information Center (Palestine/Israel):
http://www.palestine-info.co.uk/

Puerto Rican Independence Party (Puerto Rico):
http://www.independencia.net

» Recommended Readings

The following publications provide discussions about the causes of terrorist behavior.

Crotty, William, ed. Democratic Development & Political Terrorism: The Global Perspective. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2005.

Djilas, Milovan. Memoir of a Revolutionary. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

Forest, James, J. F., ed. The Making of a Terrorist: Recruitment, Training, and Root Causes. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006.

Franks, Jason. Rethinking the Roots of Terrorism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Touchstone, 1996.

Khaled, Leila. My People Shall Live: The Autobiography of a Revolutionary. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1973.

Martinez, Thomas, and John Guinther. Brotherhood of Murder. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.

McKelvey, Tara, ed. One of the Guys: Women as Aggressors and Torturers. Emeryville, CA: Seal Press, 2007.

Nassar, Jamal R. Globalization and Terrorism: The Migration of Dreams and Nightmares. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.

Ocalan, Abdullah. Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilization. London: Pluto, 2007.

Perry, Barbara. In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Reich, Walter, ed. Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, States of Mind. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 1998.

Shultz, Richard H., and Andrea J. Dew. Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat. New York: Colombia University Press, 2006.

Skaine, Rosemarie. Female Suicide Bombers. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of state terrorism.

1. Are there certain governmental or institutional profiles that distinguish repressive regimes from nonrepressive regimes?

2. Read the mission statements of the monitoring organizations. Do they reflect objective and professionally credible approaches for monitoring the behavior of states?

3. In your opinion, how effective are these organizations?

For an online search of state terrorism, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“State Terrorism”
“Terrorist States”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites are links to international organizations that provide information about countries and human rights conditions.

Amnesty International:
http://www.amnesty.org

CIA World Factbook:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

Doctors of the World:
www.doctorsoftheworld.org

Human Rights Watch:
http://www.hrw.org

Médecins Sans Frontières:
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org

» Recommended Readings

The following publications provide discussions on state-sponsored terrorism.

Bullock, Alan. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Harper, 1958.

Byman, Daniel. Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Dror, Yehezkel. Crazy States: A Counterconventional Strategic Problem. New York: Kraus, Milwood, 1980.

Goren, Roberta, and Jillian Becker, eds. The Soviet Union and Terrorism. London: Allen & Unwin, 1984.

Mann, Michael. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

McSherry, J. Patrice. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 2005.

O’Sullivan, Meghan L. Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003.

Stohl, Michael, and George Lopez, eds. The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1984.

Tucker, Robert C. Stalin in Power: The Revolution From Above, 1928–1941. New York: Norton, 1990.

Wright, Thomas C. State Terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and International Human Rights. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 2007.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of dissident terrorism.

1. How would you describe the self-images presented by dissident movements?

2. Based on the information given by the monitoring organizations, are some dissident movements seemingly more threatening than others? Less threatening? Why?

3. Compare the dissident Web sites to the monitoring agencies’ sites. Are any of the dissident groups unfairly reported by the monitoring agencies?

For an online search of dissident terrorism, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Terrorist Organizations (or Groups)”
“Revolutionary Movements”
The names of specific dissident organizations

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide links to dissident revolutionary organizations, movements, and information.

Al Fatah:
www.fateh.net

Foreign Terrorist Organizations:
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/

Intifada.Com:
http://www.intifada.com/

Irish Northern Aid (Noraid):
http://inac.org

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam:
http://www.eelam.com

Naval Postgraduate School (Terrorist Group Profiles):
http://www.nps.edu/Library/Research/subjectGuides/SpecialTopics/TerroristProfile/TerroristGroupProfiles.html

»Recommended Readings

The following publications provide discussions on dissident activism, protest movements, and violence.

Barkan, Steven E., and Lynne L. Snowden. Collective Violence. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2001.

Bell, J. Boywer. The IRA 1968–2000: Analysis of a Secret Army. London: Frank Cass, 2000.

Cromer, Geralde. Insurgent Terrorism. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008.

Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York: New York Review Books, 2006.

Hughes, James. Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.

Jaber, Hala. Hezbollah: Born With a Vengeance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

Karmon, Eli. Coalitions Between Terrorist Organizations: Revolutionaries, Nationalists, and Islamists. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2005.

Mallin, Jay, ed. Terror and Urban Guerrillas: A Study of Tactics and Documents. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1971.

Norton, Augustus R. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Rosen, David M. Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.

Shay, Shaul. Islamic Terror Abductions in the Middle East. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2007.

Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1993.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of religious extremism.

1. What commonalities can you find among the religious Web sites? What basic values are similar? In what ways do they differ?

2. Are the religious sites effective propaganda? How would you advise the site designers to appeal to different constituencies?

For an online search of historical and cultural issues pertaining to religious extremism, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Christian Crusades”
“Jihad”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide links to discussions of religious terrorism and extremism:

Army of God:
http://www.armyofgod.com

Christian Exodus:
http://christianexodus.org/

Hezbollah (Islamic Resistance):
http://www.hizbollah.tv/

Islamic Propagation Organization:
http://www.al-islam.org/short/jihad

Muslim Brotherhood Movement:
http://www.ummah.net/ikhwan

Radio Islam:
http://www.radioislam.org/

» Recommended Readings

The following publications discuss the motives, goals, and characteristics of religious extremism.

Allen, Tim. Trial Justice: The International Court and the Lord’s Resistance Army. New York: Zed Books, 2006.

Bader, Eleanor J., and Patricia Baird-Windle. Targets of Hatred: Anti-Abortion Terrorism. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

Bhutto, Benazir. Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West. New York: Harper, 2008.

Gerges, Fawaz A. Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2006.

Halevi, Yossi Klein. Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist: An American Story. New York: Little, Brown, 1995.

Huband, Mark. Warriors of the Prophet: The Struggle for Islam. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999.

Kelsay, John. Arguing the Just War in Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.

Lifton, Robert Jay. Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo–, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism. New York: Holt, 2000.

Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale Nota Bene, 2001.

Rotberg, Robert I., ed. Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2005.

Stern, Jessica. Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins, 2003.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of leftwing dissident movements.

1. How would you describe the self-images presented by left-wing dissident movements?

2. Review the goals and objectives of these organizations. Do they seem reasonable to you? Do they justify violent behavior?

3. If you were a violent leftist dissident, how would you design your own Web site? Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of right-wing dissident movements.

4. How would you describe the self-images presented by rightist dissident movements?

5. Review the goals and objectives of these organizations. Do they seem reasonable to you? Do they justify violent behavior?

6. If you were a violent right-wing dissident, how would you design your own Web site?

For an online search of violent left-wing dissident movements, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:

“National Liberation”
“Marxist Revolution”
The names of specific dissident organizations

For an online search of violent right-wing dissident movements, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:

“Aryan Revolution”
“Neo-Nazism”
The names of specific dissident organizations

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide information about leftist and rightist organizations, movements, and goals.

Afrikaner Resistance Movement (South Africa):
http://www.awb.co.za

Earth Liberation Front:
http://www.earthliberationfront.com/

Front National (France):
http://www.frontnational.com/

National Liberation Army (Colombia):
http://www.eln-voces.com/

Sinn Féin (UK):
http://sinnfein.ie

Socialist International:
http://www.socialistinternational.org

» Recommended Readings

The following publications give insight into leftist ideologies, movements, and
personalities.

Djilas, Milovan. The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System. New York: Praeger, 1957.

Djilas, Milovan. The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969.

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove, 1963.

Marcuse, Herbert. One-Dimensional Man. Boston: Beacon, 1964.

Marighella, Carlos. Mini-Manual of the Urban Guerrilla. Chapel Hill, NC: Documentary Publications, 1985.

Tucker, Robert C., ed. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton, 1972.

The following publications give insight into rightist ideologies, movements, and personalities.

Anti-Defamation League. The Skinhead International: A Worldwide Survey of Neo-Nazi Skinheads. New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1995.

Bar-On, Tamir. Where Have All the Fascists Gone? Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007.

Kaplan, Jeffrey, and Tore Bjørgo, eds. Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998.

Kelly, Robert J., and Jess Maghan, eds. Hate Crime: The Global Politics of Polarization. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.

Lee, Martin A. The Beast Reawakens: Fascism’s Resurgence From Hitler’s Spymasters to Today’s Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Lipstadt, Deborah E. Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. New York: Plume, 1994.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of international terrorism.

1. From your review of these Web sites, how significant do you think the threat is from international terrorist groups?

2. Which groups do you think pose a serious threat of international terrorism? Which
groups do you think present less serious threats?

3. Critique the Web sites of the international monitoring organizations. Are some more helpful than others?

For an online search of international terrorism, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“International Terrorism (or International Terrorists)”
“Global Terrorism”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide links to organizations that report research on or discuss international terrorism and conflict.

Air University Library:
http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/bib97.htm

International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism:
http://www.ict.org.il

Naval Postgraduate School Center on Terrorism & Irregular Warfare:
http://www.nps.edu/Academics/Centers/CTIW/index.html

South Asia Terrorism Portal:
http://www.satp.org

Terrorism Research Center:
http://www.terrorism.com/index.php

» Recommended Readings

The following publications provide discussions about the nature of international terrorism and cases in point about international terrorists.

Follain, John. Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal. New York: Arcade, 1998.

Gunaratna, Rohan. Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.

Herman, Edward S. The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda. Boston: South End, 1982.

Kegley, Charles W., Jr., ed. International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls. New York: St. Martin’s, 1990.

Pillar, Paul R. Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001.

Reeve, Simon. The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of gender-selective terrorist violence.

1. What recommendations are made by medical human rights agencies to address the problem of gender-selective political violence?

2. Do the medical human rights agencies have enough resources to treat female victims of political violence?
3. Why is gender-selective political violence largely communal in nature?

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of criminal terrorism as it pertains to narco-terrorism.

4. How adequately do the DEA and ONDCP Web sites address the threat from narco-terrorism?

5. Does the DEA discussion of narco-terrorism present a thorough analysis of the problem?

6. Based on the discussion in this chapter, how would you advise these agencies to inform the public online about criminal terrorism?

For an online search of issues pertaining to gender-selective and criminal terrorism, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Gendercide”
“Narco-terrorism”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide links to discussions of gender-selective and criminal terrorism and extremism:

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA):
http://www.usdoj.gov/dea

Gendercide Watch:
http://www.gendercide.org/

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia:
http://www.un.org/icty

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda:
http://www.ictr.org/

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP):
http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov

» Recommended Readings

The following publications discuss the motives, goals, and characteristics of gender-selective and criminal extremism.

Ehrenfeld, Rachel. Narco-Terrorism. New York: Basic Books, 1990.

Farr, Kathryn. Sex Trafficking: The Global Market in Women and Children. New York: Worth, 2004.

Holmes, Jennifer S. Guns, Drugs, and Development. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009.

Jones, Adam, ed. Gendercide and Genocide. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004.

Kenney, Michael. From Pablo to Osama: Trafficking and Terrorist Networks, Government Bureaucracies, and Competitive Adaptation. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007.

Prunier, Girard. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.

Reichel, Philip, ed. Handbook of Transnational Crime & Justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005.

Tarazona-Sevillano, Gabriela. Sendero Luminoso and the Threat of Narcoterrorism. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1990.

Voeten, Teun. How de Body? One Man’s Terrifying Journey Through an African War. New York: Thomas Dunne, 2002.

 

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of terrorist objectives, methods, and targets.

1. What common patterns of behavior and methods can you identify across regions and movements?

2. Conduct a search for other Web sites that offer advice for organizing terrorist cells and carrying out terrorist attacks. Do you think that the online terrorist manuals and
weapons advice are a danger to global society?

3. Compare the Web sites for the monitoring organizations. How would you describe the quality of their information? Are they providing a useful service?

For an online search of terrorist tactics and targets, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Terrorist Weapons”
“Terrorist Manuals”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide links to discussions and data about terrorist objectives, methods, and targets.

The Anarchist’s Cookbook: Search engine, enter: Anarchist’s Cookbook Center for Defense Information:
http://www.cdi.org

Patterns of Global Terrorism (State Department):
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/

The Terrorist’s Handbook: Search engine, enter: Terrorist’s Handbook

» Recommended Readings

The following publications provide discussions on terrorist objectives and methods.

Bergen, Peter L. Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

Frantz, Douglas, and Catherine Collis. The Nuclear Jihadist: The True Story of the Man Who Sold the World’s Most Dangerous Secrets—And How We Could Have Stopped Him. New York: Twelve Books, 2007.

Hafez, Mohammed M. Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007.

Janczewski, Lech J., and Andrew M. Colarik, eds. Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2008.

Katz, Samuel M. The Hunt for the Engineer: How Israeli Agents Tracked the Hamas Master Bomber. New York: Fromm International, 2001.

Oliver, Anne Marie, and Paul F. Steinberg. The Road to Martyrs’ Square: A Journey Into the World of the Suicide Bomber. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Pape, Robert Anthony. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House, 2005.

Powell, William. The Anarchist Cookbook. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1971; assigned to Barricade Books, 1989.

Stern, Jessica. The Ultimate Terrorists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Tucker, Jonathan B., ed. Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.

Zubay, Geoffrey, et al., eds. Agents of Bioterrorism: Pathogens and Their Weaponization. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of the reporting of terrorism by the media.

1. Compare and contrast the reporting of political violence by the referenced media services. What patterns of reporting can you identify?

2. To what extent are the media services biased in their reporting? How so?

3. To what extent are the media services objective in their reporting? How so?

For an online search of reporting of terrorism by the media, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Media and Terrorism”
“Propaganda and Terrorism”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites are links to the online addresses of major resources that regularly report news about terrorism:

Al Arabiya News Channel (Dubai):
http://www.alarabiya.net/english.html

Al Jazeera (Qatar):
http://english.aljazeera.net/HomePage

Al-Manar TV (Lebanon):
http://www.almanar.com.lb/newssite/News.aspx?language=en

BBC (UK):
http://www.bbc.co.uk

CNN (USA):
http://www.cnn.com

Dawn (Pakistan):
http://www.dawn.com

Middle East Media Research Institute:
http://memri.org

New York Times:
http://www.nytimes.com

SITE Intelligence Group (USA):
http://www.siteintelgroup.org/

» Recommended Readings

The following publications provide discussions for evaluating the role of the media in the reporting of terrorism, national conflict, and political dissent.

Davis, Richard, and Diana Owen. New Media and American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Gitlin, Todd. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980.

Herbst, Philip. Talking Terrorism: A Dictionary of the Loaded Language of Political Violence. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2003.

Kavoori, Anandam P., and Todd Fraley, eds. Media, Terrorism, and Theory: A Reader. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.

Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth Maker From the Crimea to Kosovo. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

Nacos, Brigitte L. Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.

Paletz, David L., and Alex P. Schmid, eds. Terrorism and the Media. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.

Pludowski, Tomasz. How the World’s News Media Reacted to 9/11: Essays From Around the Globe. Spokane, WA: Marquette Books, 2007.

Seib, Philip, ed. New Media and the New Middle East. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2007.

Weimann, Gabriel, and Conrad Winn. The Theater of Terror: Mass Media and International Terrorism. New York: Longman, 1994.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of terrorism in the United States.

1. How would you describe the typologies of groups that predominate in the United States?

2. Conduct a Web search of American monitoring organizations, read their mission statements, and assess their services. Which organizations do you think provide the most useful data? Why?

3. If you were an American dissident extremist (leftist or rightist), how would you design your own Web site?

For an online search of terrorism in the United States, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Homeland Security”
“Domestic Terrorism”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide information about extremist movements and ideologies in the United States.

Animal Liberation Front:
http://www.animalliberationfront.com/

Council of Conservative Citizens:
http://cofcc.org/

Prairie Fire Organizing Committee:
http://www.prairiefire.org/

Revolutionary Communist Party, USA:
http://www.rwor.org/

White Revolution:
http://www.whiterevolution.com/

White Supremacy:
http://www.tgia.net/Links/Information_Sites/White_Supremacy/
white_supremacy.html

» Recommended Readings

The following publications discuss the nature of terrorism in the United States and the root causes of political violence in American society.

Dunbar, David, and Brad Reagan, eds. Debunking 9/11Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can’s Stand up to the Facts. New York: Hearst Books, 2006.

German, Mike. Thinking Like a Terrorist: Insights of a Former FBI Undercover Agent. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2007.

Emerson, Steven. American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us. New York: Free Press, 2002.

———. Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to Militant Islam in the US. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2006.

George, John, and Laird Wilcox. American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists, and Others. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1996.

MacDonald, Andrew. The Turner Diaries. New York: Barricade, 1978.

McCann, Joseph T. Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators From the Famous to the Forgotten. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications, 2006.

McCarthy, Timothy Patrick, and John McMillian. The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition. New York: New Press, 2003.

Michel, Lou, and Dan Herbeck. American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh & the Oklahoma City Bombing. New York: Regan Books, 2001.

Ridgeway, James. Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of a New White Culture. New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 1990.

Ronczkowski, Michael. Terrorism and Organized Hate Crime: Intelligence Gathering, Analysis, and Investigations. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004.

Sargent, Lyman Tower, ed. Extremism in America: A Reader. New York: New York University Press, 1995.

Smith, Brent L. Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

Stern, Kenneth S. A Force Upon the Plain: The American Militia Movement and the Politics of Hate. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Zakin, Susan. Coyotes and Town Dogs: Earth First! and the Environmental Movement. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002.

» Flashcards

» Web Exercises

Using this chapter’s recommended Web sites, conduct an online investigation of terrorism in the United States.

1. How would you describe the typologies of groups that predominate in the United States?

2. Conduct a Web search of American monitoring organizations, read their mission statements, and assess their services. Which organizations do you think provide the most useful data? Why?

3. If you were an American dissident extremist (leftist or rightist), how would you design your own Web site?

For an online search of terrorism in the United States, readers should activate the search engine on their Web browser and enter the following keywords:
“Homeland Security”
“Domestic Terrorism”

» Recommended Web Sites

The following Web sites provide information and data about counterterrorist policies and options.

Counterterrorism Office, U.S. Department of State:
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/

Diplomatic Security Service, Rewards for Justice:
http://www.rewardsforjustice.net

International Rescue Committee:
http://www.theirc.org/

United Nations International Court of Justice:
http://www.icj-cij.org

» Recommended Readings

The following publications provide information about counterterrorist units and intelligence agencies.

Andrew, Christopher. Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community. New York: Penguin, 1987.

Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, From the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century. New York: Doubleday, 2001.

Begg, Moazzam, and Brittain, Victoria. Enemy Combatant: My Imprisonment at Guantanamo, Bagram, and Kandahar. New York: New Press, 2006.

Coulson, Danny O., and Elaine Shannon. No Heroes: Inside the FBI’s Secret Counter-Terror Force. New York: Pocket, 1999.

Crank, John P., and Patricia E. Gregor. Counter-Terrorism After 9/11: Justice, Security and Ethics Reconsidered. New York, Anderson, 2005.

Daalder, Ivo H., ed. Beyond Preemption: Force and Legitimacy in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2007.

Gardner, Hall. American Global Strategy and the “War on Terrorism.” Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2007.

Grey, Stephen. Ghost Plane: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Secret Rendition Programme. New York: St. Martin’s, 2006.

Harclerode, Peter. Secret Soldiers: Special Forces in the War Against Terrorism. London: Cassel, 2000.

Howard, Russell D., and Reid L. Sawyer. Defeating Terrorism: Shaping the New Security Environment. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Suskind, Ron. The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America’s Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.

Thomas, Gordon. Gideon’s Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad. New York: St. Martin’s, 1999.

Tsang, Steve. Intelligence and Human Rights in the Era of Global Terrorism. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007.

Wilson, Richard Ashby, ed. Human Rights in the War on Terror. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

» Flashcards

»Recommended Readings

The following publications are an eclectic assortment of recommendations that provide classic— and arguably timeless—insight into the nature of dissident resistance, ideologies of liberty, state manipulation, and revolution.

Hamilton, Alexander, John Jay, and James Madison. The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States. New York: Modern Library, 1937.

Koestler, Arthur. Darkness at Noon. New York: Macmillan, 1963.

Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. Edited by David Spitz. New York: Norton, 1975.

Moore, Barrington, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon, 1966.

Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1946.