Chapter 1: What is Culturally Alert Counseling?
Chapter 2: Social Inequality and Social Justice
Chapter 3: Ethnicity
Chapter 4: Race
Chapter 5: African Americans
Chapter 6: East and Southeast Asian Americans
Chapter 7: Native Americans
Chapter 8: European Americans
Chapter 9: Middle Eastern Americans
Chapter 10: Latino/Latina Americans
Chapter 11: South Asian Americans
Chapter 12: Social Class
Chapter 13: Gender
Chapter 14: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients
Chapter 15: Religion and Spirituality
Chapter 16: The Practice of Culturally Alert Counseling
Appendices — Counseling and Advocacy Competencies

Part I — Introduction to Culturally Alert Counseling

Chapter 1: What is Culturally Alert Counseling?

Research Questions:

1. What evidence is there for the importance of culturally alert counseling?
2. What trends are there in culturally alert counseling?
3. What problems around culture are there in counseling that need to be addressed?
4. Is multicultural counseling a specific set of counseling theories, or is it a perspective? Discuss.
5. What is the nature of developing greater cross-cultural competence?

Cheung, F. M. (2000).
Deconstructing Counseling in a Cultural Context
The Counseling Psychologist, 28(1), 123-132.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Early attempts to understand cross-cultural perspectives of counseling adopted the imported etic approach. Similarities and differences between cultures on a particular psychological model, concept or technique that was developed in the West were compared. These comparisons remained on a descriptive level. There has often been little query on the adequacy, sufficiency, or relevance of the imported etic—or universal—model itself.

Essandoh, P. K. (1996).
Multicultural Counseling as the "Fourth Force": A Call to Arms
The Counseling Psychologist, 24(1), 126-137.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Recent contributors to the multicultural counseling debate seem to suggest that multicultural counseling has almost attained the status of a new paradigm, a new theory. This article examines the field of multicultural counseling as a new paradigm in counseling theory and suggests that although there has been heightened awareness in multicultural counseling theory, the need to recognize the cultural and political context of human development in clinical practice has been very slow. It is argued that the progress made seems only to be in theory and research and that as scientist-practitioners, we need to work hard at supporting competent practice.

Heppner, P. P. (2006).
The Benefits and Challenges of Becoming Cross-Culturally Competent Counseling Psychologists: Presidential Address.
The Counseling Psychologist, 34(1), 147-172.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The central thesis of this article is that focusing on cross-cultural competence will enhance both the science and the practice of counseling psychology. Developing cross-cultural competence is a lifelong journey, replete with many joys and challenges, that will (a) increase the sophistication of our work, (b) expand the utility and generalizability of the knowledge base in counseling psychology, (c) promote a deeper realization that counseling occurs in a cultural context, and (d) increase not only counseling effectiveness but also the profession's ability to address diverse mental health needs across different populations around the globe.

Ibrahim, F. A. (1985).
Effective Cross-Cultural Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Framework.
The Counseling Psychologist, 13(4), 625-638.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article presents strategies to enhance effectiveness in cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy encounters. A major assumption is that a coherent orientation is needed that includes cultural differences and yet transcends these differences and organizes the human experience in the context of individual worldviews within the framework of existential philosophy.

Leung, S. A. (2003).
A Journey Worth Traveling: Globalization of Counseling Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(4), 412-419.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Although it is an established psychological specialty in the U.S. counseling psychology is still an encapsulated discipline confined to its national borders. Internationalizing the discipline will require colleagues in the U.S. to examine their attitudes, abandon their sense of self-sufficiency, and engage counseling psychologists worldwide as equal partners. International counseling psychologists should avoid a wholesale importation of mainstream counseling psychology into their cultures, as indigenous practices and models are vital to the development of global counseling psychology discipline.

Pedersen, P. B. (2003).
Culturally Biased Assumptions in Counseling Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(4), 396-403.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Eight clusters of culturally-based assumptions are identified for further discussion from Leong and Ponterotto's article (this issue). The presence of cultural bias demonstrates that cultural bias is so robust and pervasive that is permeates the profession of counseling psychology, even including those articles that effectively attack cultural bias itself.

Trevifio, J. G. (1996).
Worldview and Change in Cross-Cultural Counseling.
The Counseling Psychologist, 24(2), 198-215.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
A model for conceptualizing change in cross-cultural psychology is presented, using worldview as a unifying construct. Drawing from anthropology and counseling process research, key understandings regarding culture and change are combined into a coherent framework that provides guidance to counselors on how to enhance the therapeutic relationship and effectively facilitate change in a cross-cultural counseling context.

Yan, M.C., Lam, C. M. (2000).
Repositioning Cross-Cultural Counseling in a Multicultural Society.
International Social Work, 43(4), 481-493.

Link to Journal Site: http://isw.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article examines the nature and limits of the existing cross-cultural counseling discourses in order to search for a more culturally sensitive cross-cultural counseling approach. The authors pinpoint the inherent cultural deficiencies of the existing modification-based cross-cultural counseling approaches and advocate that the cross-cultural counseling process should be an inter-subjective interaction between the counselors and counselees, both of whom are products of their own culture.

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Chapter 2: Social Inequality and Social Justice

Research Questions:

1. What is the difference between awareness of cultural diversity and social justice-oriented counseling?
2. What specific practices are possible for doing social justice-oriented counseling?
3. How can counseling be understood as a political act?
4. What principles and/or stances lie behind social justice-oriented counseling?
5. What differences might there be between the needs and issues of clients of privilege and those from oppressed groups?

Arredondo, P., Perez, P. (2003).
Expanding Multicultural Competence through Social Justice Leadership.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(3), 282-289.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Social justice and multicultural competence have been inextricably linked for nearly four decades, influencing the development of multicultural competency standards and guidelines and organizational change in psychology. This response provides a historical perspective on the evolution of competencies and offers clarifications regarding their scope, actual counselor behavior, relationship to case conceptualization, and political implications.

Goodman, L.A., Liang, B., Helms, J. E., Latta, R. E., Sparks, E., Weintraub, S. R. (2004).
Training Counseling Psychologists as Social Justice Agents: Feminist and Multicultural Principles in Action.
The Counseling Psychologist, 32(6), 793-836.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Despite recent call for counseling psychology to embrace social justice-oriented work, there has been little discussion about what such work looks like. The first part of this article derives a set of principles from feminist and multicultural counseling theories that counseling psychologists should consider as they engage in social justice work. The second part of the article describes a program designed to integrate social justice work into the curriculum of a doctoral program.

Goodman, L. A., Liang, B., Weintraub, S. R., Helms, J. E., Latta, R. E., (2004).
Warts and All: Personal Reflections on Social Justice in Counseling Psychology. Reply to Kiselica, Palmer, Thompson and Shermis, and Watts.
The Counseling Psychologist, 32 (6), 886-899.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
In their comment regarding the article, "Training Counseling Psychologists as Social Justice Agents," Kiselica et al. offered a number of useful suggestions for elaborating on social justice theory, practice and training. Their reactions and feedback challenged Goodman et al. to revisit and clarify their thinking about several issues including the importance and student and faculty self-examination, the need to ground our social justice theories in organizing philosophies, the difficulties of education students about social justice work, and the imperative to collaborate across professions.

Ivey, A. E., Collins, N. M. (2003).
Social Justice: A Long-Term Challenge for Counseling Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(3), 290-298.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Counseling psychology has a long history of interest and commitment to social justice and multicultural issues. This article discusses some of that history and, in addition, speaks to specifics of implementing a liberation psychology frame of reference to clinical practice, along with the issues of implementation and challenges faced by those of a social justice orientation.

Katz, J.H. (1985).
The Sociopolitical Nature of Counseling.
The Counseling Psychologist, 13(4), 615-624.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Counseling is a sociopolitical act. However, many counselors are unaware of the fact that the profession has a core set of cultural values and norms by which clients are judged. In order to make the counseling psychology field more responsive to the needs of multicultural populations, the profession must be willing to engage in self-examination. This article explicates how the White culture serves as the foundation for counseling theory, research and practice. The use of this theory base with multicultural populations is explored and specific recommendations for the field are presented.

Palmer, L. K. (2004).
The Call to Social Justice: A Multidiscipline Agenda.
The Counseling Psychologist, 32(6), 879-885.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The theories and tenets of multiculturalism and feminism require psychologists to extend awareness, knowledge, and skills for competent practice, research, and teaching. In addition, these theories and tenets challenge us to become social change agents. In the article "Training Counseling Psychologists as Social Justice Agents: Feminist and Multicultural Principles in Action," Goodman, Liang, Helms, Latta, Sparks, and Weintraub have carefully crafted an experience-informed template that will assist training programs in becoming active agents for social justice.

Vera, E. M., Speight, S. L. (2003).
Multicultural Competence, Social Justice, and Counseling Psychology: Expanding Our Roles.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(3), 253-272.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The construct of multicultural competence has gained much currency in the counseling psychology literature. This article provides a critique of multicultural competencies and argues that counsel psychology's operationalization of multicultural competence must be grounded in a commitment to social justice.

Watts, R. J. (2004).
Integrating Social Justice and Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 32(6), 855-865.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article seeks to extend the model Goodman et al. advanced for making counseling psychology training more useful in the struggle for social justice. In addition to affirming the ideas of Goodman et al., this article offers some specific examples of how conventional, micro-level ideas in U.S. psychology can be scaled upward to be useful across multiple levels of social analysis. The author offers a critique of Goodman et al.'s near exclusive focus on multicultural perspectives in psychology by introducing ideas from the "radical school" of Black psychology to make the point that people with a history of oppression can have different training needs than those with a history of privilege.

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Chapter 3: Ethnicity

Research Questions:

1. What are some of the issues around ethnicity that are important for counseling?
2. What might be particular needs of clients from non-dominant ethnicities?
3. What is the current commitment to dealing with issues of ethnicity in the counseling field?
4. In what ways might ethnicity be incorporated into counseling?
5. How is ethnicity both a subjective and an objective dimension?

Atkinson, D.R., Brown, M. T., Casas, J. M., Zane, N. W. S. (1996).
Achieving Ethnic Parity in Counseling Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 24(2), 230-258.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
With the increasing diversification of the population comes an increased need for ethnic minority psychologists. Most counseling psychology programs will have to dramatically increase the numbers of ethnic minority students they enroll and faculty they hire to achieve parity and meet the need for more ethnic minority counseling psychologists in the future. This article describes the preconditions and strategies needed to recruit, to select, and to support ethnic minority students and faculty in counseling psychology programs.

Atkinson, D. R., Thompson, C. E., Grant, S. K. (1993).
A Three-Dimensional Model for Counseling Racial/Ethnic Minorities.
The Counseling Psychologist, 21 (2), 257-277.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The counseling profession' heavy reliance on the psychotherapy role has been criticized as being unresponsive to the needs and experiences of ethnic-minority clients. The use of other counseling roles and techniques indigenous to the client's ancestral culture have been proposed as alternatives to psychotherapy; however, no schema currently exists to help counselors select an appropriate helping role or strategy. This article describes one schema that is based on the variables of locus of problem etiology, level of acculturation, and goals of counseling. Limitations of the current model and the need to develop other selection schemata are discussed.

Carter, R. T., Akinsulure-Smith, A. M., Smailes, E. M., Clauss, C. S. (1998).
The Status of Racial/Ethnic Research in Counseling Psychology: Committed or Complacent?
Journal of Black Psychology, 24(4), 322-334.

Link to Journal Site: http://jbp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
There has been a growing demand for research that explores racial/ethnic issues within psychology. However, analyses of leading counseling psychology journals suggest that attention devoted to racial/ethnic issues is disproportionately less in comparison to other topics. This study is a content analysis of racial and ethnic issues in three journals along specific areas for their level of commitment versus complacency: study frame, method, analysis, and discussion. Preliminary results indicate that research in this area is more complacent than committed. Results and recommendations for future study will be discussed in light of these findings.

Delgado-Romero, E. A., Galvan, N., Maschino, P., Rowland, M. (2005).
Race and Ethnicity in Empirical Counseling and Counseling Psychology Research: A 10-Year Review.
The Counseling Psychologist, 33(4), 419-448.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article examined 796 empirical studies published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology, the Journal of Counseling and Development and the Counseling Psychologist from 1990 to 1999 and found that only 57% reported ethnic and racial characteristics of participants. Findings are compared and contrasted with previous reviews related to issues of race and ethnicity in counseling research.

Delgado-Romero, E. A., Rowland, M., Galvan, N. (2005).
The Continuing and Evolving Challenge of Race and Ethnicity in Empirical Counseling and Counseling Psychology Research: A Reply.
The Counseling Psychologist, 33(4), 559-564.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
When race and ethnicity are discussed in counseling psychology literature, the endeavor can often be contentious and defensive, so we appreciated the thoughtful and productive reactions to our work. Consequently we feel free to consider and expand upon the comments of the reactors in the spirit of a shared commitment to confronting the continuing challenge of race and ethnicity in counseling and counseling psychology research.

Ho, D. Y.F.(1995).
Internalized Culture, Culturocentrism, and Transcendence.
The Counseling Psychologist, 23(1), 4-24.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Internalized culture is introduced as a psychological, rather than anthropological, construct most useful to counselors. It addresses explicitly both between-group and within-group variations resulting from individual differences in enculturation and helps to sensitize counselors against stereotyping. The problem of defining cultural boundaries arises, with serious difficulties in defining three specific classes of cultural phenomena. It is argued that there is a basic continuity from intracultural to intercultural understanding. In a sense, all interpersonal encounters are cross-cultural in nature. Accordingly, all counseling requires an awareness of cultural processes and the transcendence of one's internalized culture.

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Chapter 4: Race

Research Questions:

1. How is race inextricably associated with racism?
2. What implications does racism have for counseling work?
3. What psychological consequences can experiences of racism have?
4. How might counselors respond to clients who experience racism?
5. What are some helpful and unhelpful responses that counselors might have to client experiences of racism?

Bryant-Davis, T., Ocampo, C. (2005).
The Trauma of Racism: Implications for Counseling, Research, and Education.
The Counseling Psychologist, 33(4), 574-578.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
To assist counselors and researchers in identifying potentially traumatic racist incidents that are nonphysical and/or covert, we provide three pointers for psychologists to consider in addition to severity, as it is traditionally understood, with every trauma survivor.

Carter, R.T. (2007).
Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress.
The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13-105.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and traumawill be integrated to promote a model to be used to understand, recognize, and assess race-based traumatic stress to aid counseling and psychological assessment, research, and training.

Dunbar, E. (2001).
Counseling Practices to Ameliorate the Effects of Discrimination and Hate Events: Toward a Systematic Approach to Assessment and Intervention.
The Counseling Psychologist, 29(2), 281-310.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
A treatment model for the psychological sequelae of discrimination is illustrated via three treatment cases in which experiences of racism and gender, ethnic, or religious hostility were a primary focus of intervention. The client's level of psychological functioning, acuity of hate victimization, and coping and identity re-formation strategies are addressed in this phase-oriented model of counseling.

Ridley, C. R., Hill, C. L. (1999).
Categorization as Primary-Process Cognition in Racism: Implications for Counseling.
The Counseling Psychologist, 27(2), 245-255.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Borrowing from Freud, racism is reconceptualized as having primary and secondary processes. Categorization is regarded as the primary process in racism. Primary process is considered the foundation of secondary processes, but primary process is not itself racist.

Thompson-Miller, R., Feagin, J. R. (2007).
Continuing Injuries of Racism: Counseling in a Racist Context.
The Counseling Psychologist, 35 (1), 106-115.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
In this reaction article, the authors support and extend Robert T. Carter's excellent analysis of the impact of racism today on Americans of color. Drawing on their own data, they suggest important extensions of his arguments in regard to the cumulative and long-term effects of racial discrimination and other racial oppression—as well as in regard to the ways in which both the accumulating pain of, and the developed coping strategies for, racial discrimination are passed across several generations of those racially oppressed. The authors argue that a major reality underlying individual coping with racial discrimination is a huge energy loss for individuals, families, and communities.

Utsey, S. O., Gernat, C. A., Hammar, L. (2005).
Examining White Counselor Trainees' Reactions to Racial Issues in Counseling and Supervision Dyads.
The Counseling Psychologist, 33 (4), 449-478.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study examined the reactions of White counselor trainees to hypothetical, provocative, cross-racial counseling and supervision dyads. It employed a qualitative methodology of inquiry to explore the underlying dynamics associated with cross-racial counseling and supervision dyads. Working with a sample of 8 White male and female counselor trainees, a focus group interview was conducted using vignettes that depicted racial issues in counseling and supervision situations.

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Part II. Major Ethnic Groupings

Chapter 5: African Americans

Research Questions:

1. What are some of the legacies of racism for the psychological lives of African Americans?
2. How might African Americans view mainstream mental health services?
3. How do non-African American counselors respond to African American clients around awareness of race?
4. What are some useful coping mechanisms that African Americans use in dealing with personal conflict and distress?
5. How can an African American client's ethnic consciousness be assessed? Describe one possible measure.
6. How have African Americans respond to oppression in proactive ways?

Akiba, D., Miller, F. (2004).
The expression Of Cultural Sensitivity in the Presence of African Americans: An Analysis of Motives.
Small Group Research, 35(6), 623-642.

Link to Journal Site: http://sgr.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study explores the motivational factors underlying European American individuals' tendency to display more culturally sensitive behavior in the presence of African Americans. European American male college students (N = 75) individually viewed and evaluated racially insensitive humor, ostensibly in small groups with two confederates. The confederates' racial backgrounds were varied so that they consisted of either (a)two European Americans, (b) one European American and one African American, or (c) two African Americans.

Combs, D. R., Penn, D. L., Cassisi, J., Michael, C., Wood, T., Wanner, J., Adams, S. (2006). Perceived Racism as a Predictor of Paranoia Among African American.
Journal of Black Psychology, 32(1), 87-104.

Link to Journal Site: http://jbp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Recent theoretical models suggest that perceived racism acts as a stressor for African Americans and may be associated with a variety of negative psychological consequences, notably paranoia. Paranoia among African Americans is believed to reflect the lower end of the paranoia continuum based on experiences with racism. Thus, it may be beneficial to measure paranoia on a continuum, but few studies have adopted this strategy. This study examined the relationship between perceived racism and paranoia across the continuum in 128 African American college students.

Dupree, L. W., Watson, M. A., Schneider, M. G. (2005).
Preferences for Mental Health Care: A Comparison of Older African Americans and Older Caucasians.
Journal of Applied Gerontology, 24(3), 196-210.

Link to Journal Site: http://jag.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Research on mental health service utilization patterns has shown that older adults underutilize outpatient services, particularly in minority populations. Greater reliance on inpatient services may result when a mental health problem can no longer be ignored. The goal of this study was to compare the attitudes and beliefs of African American and Caucasian older adults about mental health care and preferred providers.

Fuertes, J. N., Mueller, L. N., Chauhan, R. V., Walker, J. A., Ladany, N. (2002).
An Investigation of European American Therapists' Approach to Counseling African American Clients.
The Counseling Psychologist, 30(6), 763-788.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Interviews were conducted with 9 European American psychologists, asking them to recall their first 12 counseling sessions with a current or recent successful case with an African American client. Using consensual qualitative research (CQR) methodology, the psychologists revealed that they generally attended to differences in race between themselves and clients directly and openly within the first two sessions.

Franklin, A. J. (1999).
Invisibility Syndrome and Racial Identity Development in Psychotherapy and Counseling African American Men.
The Counseling Psychologist, 27( 6), 761-793.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Success in counseling African American men is discussed in terms of an invisibility syndrome and the role played by their racial identity development. Invisibility is considered a psychological experience wherein the person feels that his or her personal identity and ability are undermined by racism in a myriad of interpersonal circumstances. A therapy case is used to explain how this experience helps determine Black men's perspective on cross-racial interpersonal encounters and supports racial identity development as fundamental to their personal identity and as a buffer against racism. Awareness of the dynamic interface between racism, invisibility, and racial identity development can help the counseling process and effectiveness of our interventions with African American men.

Lightsey, O. R., Jr., Barnes, P. W. (2007).
Discrimination, Attributional Tendencies, Generalized Self-Efficacy, and Assertiveness as Predictors of Psychological Distress Among African Americans.
Journal of Black Psychology, 33(1), 27-50.

Link to Journal Site: http://jbp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study tested whether perceived past racial discrimination and a tendency to attribute negative outcomes across varied life situations to racial prejudice or discrimination (TAND) predicted unique variance in psychological distress among 195 African American college students. The authors also examined whether generalized self-efficacy and assertiveness uniquely predicted distress and moderated hypothesized TAND distress and past discrimination-distress relationships. Both generalized self-efficacy and assertiveness inversely predicted distress, accounting together for about 12% of the variance in distress. Past discrimination and age also inversely predicted distress, together accounting for about 14% of the variance.

Stokes, J. E., Murray, C. B., Peacock, M. J., Kaiser, R. T. (1994).
Assessing the Reliability, Factor Structure, and Validity of the African Self-Consciousness Scale in a General Population of African Americans.
Journal of Black Psychology, 20(1), 62-74.

Link to Journal Site: http://jbp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The purposes of this study were to conduct a factor analysis of Baldwin and Bell's African Self-Consciousness (ASC) Scale, evaluate the effect of demographic variables on one's African self-consciousness, and relate the ASC Scale scores to criterion behaviors in a non-Southern and noncollege population. The scale was administered to 147AfricanAmericans residing in three Southern California cities. The ASC Scale's reliability, factor structure, and construct validity were examined.

Utsey, S. O., Bolden, M. A., Lanier, Y., Williams, O. (2007).
Examining the Role of Culture-Specific Coping as a Predictor of Resilient Outcomes in African Americans From High-Risk Urban Communities.
Journal of Black Psychology, 33(1), 75-93.

Link to Journal Site: http://jbp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This investigation examined the role of culture-specific coping in relation to resilient outcomes in African Americans from high-risk urban communities. Participants (N = 385) were administered a survey questionnaire packet containing measures of culture-specific coping, traditional resilience factors (cognitive ability, social support, and familial factors), and resilient outcomes (physical, psychological, social, and environmental quality of life). Structural equation modeling was used to test the degree to which culture-specific coping would uniquely contribute to the prediction of quality of life above and beyond traditional predictive factors of resilience.

Watts, R. J. (1992).
Racial Identity and Preferences for Social Change Strategies among African Americans.
Journal of Black Psychology, 18(2), 1-18.

Link to Journal Site: http://jbp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Historically, African Americans have struggled against oppression in a variety of ways. Two of the major strategies have been nationalism and inclusionism; the first emphasizing efforts to establish a separate nation, society or path of development, and the second emphasizing efforts to attain equal opportunity within U.S. society. This article describes an exploration of African American preferences for a range of social change tactics related to these general strategies and the relationship between these preferences and racial identity attitudes.

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Chapter 6: East and Southeast Asian Americans

Research Questions:

1. What are some barriers to seeking help among immigrant and non-immigrant East and Southeast Asians?
2. What factors influence East and Southeast Asians' views of counseling?
3. What might help or hinder East and Southeast Asian clients from seeking counseling?
4. What are some East and Southeast Asian cultural values that might be important for counseling?
5. What positive dimensions of East and Southeast Asian cultures can be applied to client change?

Bui, H. N. (2003).
Help-Seeking Behavior Among Abused Immigrant Women: A Case of Vietnamese American Women.
Violence Against Women:, 9(2), 207-239.

Link to Journal Site: http://vaw.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The present study examines help-seeking behavior among abused Vietnamese American women to understand factors associated with their decisions to seek help. Using a qualitative method and data obtained from in-depth interviews with 34 abused Vietnamese American women selected from four different Vietnamese communities in the United States (Orange County, CA; Houston, TX; Boston, MA; and Lansing, MI) and 11 Vietnamese Americans who had contacts with Vietnamese American victims of domestic violence through their jobs, the study found that abused Vietnamese American women have sought help from their personal networks, the criminal justice system, and various victim service agencies.

Foley, John B., Fuqua, Dale R. (1988).
The Effects of Status Configuration and Counseling Style on Korean Perspectives of Counseling.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19(4), 465-480.

Link to Journal Site: http://jcc.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effects of two independent variables on Koreans' perceptions of counseling performance. The first independent variable, counseling style, consisted of having subjects rate the performance of either a directive or a nondirective counselor. The second independent variable was status configuration, which also consisted of two levels: congruent status (an older counselor interacting with a younger client) and incongruent status (a younger counselor interacting with an older client).

Fung, K., Wong, Y. R. (2007).
Factors Influencing Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Help Among East and Southeast Asian Immigrant and Refugee Women.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53(3), 216-231.

Link to Journal Site: http://isp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
It has been recognized that Asian immigrants in North America have lower rates of mental health service utilization. From the perspective of cross-cultural psychiatry, one of the most important cultural factors may be differences in the explanatory model of illness. This article examines the relationship of causal beliefs, perceived service accessibility and attitudes towards seeking mental health care.

Kim, B.S. K., Atkinson, D. R., Umemoto, D. (2001).
Asian Cultural Values and the Counseling Process: Current Knowledge and Directions for Future Research.
The Counseling Psychologist, 29(4), 570-603.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Based on values common to most Asian cultures, a set of propositions on the relationship between Asian cultural values and the counseling process is presented in the context of a current theory of acculturation/enculturation. Recommendations for future research relating Asian cultural values to the counseling process are offered in an attempt to stimulate more empirical attention in this area.

Lee, Y. (2003).
Daoistic Humanism In Ancient China: Broadening Personality And Counseling Theories In The 21st Century.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 43(1), 64-85.

Link to Journal Site: http://jhp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
American psychology, including humanistic psychology, tends to focus on Western cultures and European/American-centric theories while neglecting Eastern or other cultures. Examining Laozi's Daoism (previously called Taoism), the article expounds the following humanistic issues from the perspective of ancient Chinese philosophy: (a) the principle of wei wu-wei (or following the noninterference or nonaction) or spontaneity and natural way; (b) openness and tolerance; (c) water personality; (d) high regard for females and mothers; (e) moderation and avoidance of extremes; (f) the welfare of others and the world; and (g) opposition to war and love of peace.

Mercado, M. M. (2000).
The Invisible Family: Counseling Asian American Substance Abusers and their Families.
The Family Journal, 8(3), 267-272.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The model minority theory, the underuse of mental health services, and cultural values have influenced the substance abuse field into believing that Asian American families are psychologically healthier and in less need than other ethnic groups. The existing literature on substance abuse within the Asian American population is reviewed in this article. The family systems theory is then described and applied to the Asian American family.

Sandage, S.J., Hill, P. C., Vang, H. C. (2003).
Toward a Multicultural Positive Psychology: Indigenous Forgiveness and Hmong Culture.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(5), 564-592.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The growing field of positive psychology is encouraging advances in the scientific research of developmental strengths and virtues like forgiveness. However, multicultural and indigenous psychology perspectives can raise valuable questions about positive psychology and the relationship between cultural particularity and virtues like forgiveness. In this article, the authors consider the meaning of virtue in psychology and then focus on the culturally embedded nature of forgiveness as a virtue.

Ito, K. L., Maramba, G. G. (2002).
Therapeutic Beliefs of Asian American Therapists: Views from an Ethnic-Specific Clinic.
Transcultural Psychiatry, 39(1), 33-73.

Link to Journal Site: http://tps.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Ethnic-specific mental health services have been found to improve ethnic minority use and retention. However, few studies have gone beyond outcome-based studies and examined what elements of the services distinguish them as ethnic-specific. This article is about what Asian American therapists at one ethnic-specific clinic reported about their practices with their clients and what they believed their clients thought about mental illness and treatment.

Kim, B. S. K., Omizo, M. M. (2003).
Asian Cultural Values, Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help, and Willingness to See a Counselor.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(3), 343-361.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among Asian American adherence to Asian cultural values, attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, and willingness to see a counselor.

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Chapter 7: Native Americans

Research Questions:

1. What characteristics do Native Americans generally seek in counselors and why might that be so?
2. How might culture affect the presence of psychological difficulties among Native Americans? Give an example.
3. What adaptations of counseling approaches might counselors make for working with Native Americans?
4. How might counselors integrate culture into counseling work with Native Americans?
5. What are some specific techniques that counselors might use to incorporate Native American spirituality into counseling?
6. Compare a generally individualistic to a communitarian counseling approach as it might apply to working with Native Americans.

Bichsel, R. J., Mallinckrodt, B. (2001).
Cultural Commitment and the Counseling Preferences and Counselor Perceptions of Native American Women.
The Counseling Psychologist, 29(6), 858-881.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Native American women (N = 218) living on a reservation were surveyed to assess their preferences for counselor sex, ethnicity, cultural awareness, counseling style, and commitment to Native American and Anglo-American cultures. Women generally preferred a counselor with the following attributes: female, ethnically similar, culturally sensitive, and used a nondirective counseling style.

Chapleski, E. E., Kaczynski, R., Gerbi, S. A., Lichtenberg, P. A. (2004).
American Indian Elders and Depression: Short-and Long-Term Effects of Life Events.
Journal of Applied Gerontology, 23(1), 40-57.

Link to Journal Site: http://jag.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This research examines stressful life events as predictors of psychological problems among a population of older American Indians of the Great Lakes region. It assumes that meaning attached to these events is not culture-free.

French, L. A. (1981).
Counseling American Indians.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 25(2), 139-155.

Link to Journal Site: http://ijo.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Multicultural and cross-cultural counseling have made tremendous inroads in the past two decades, yet much still needs to be done especially in the area of integrating theory, research and counseling techniques. This paper address the issue of Indian counseling, attempting to link contemporary counseling techniques with unique Indian cultural attributes.

Kenny, M. C. (2006).
An Integrative Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of a Depressed American Indian Client.
Clinical Case Studies, 5(1), 37-52.

Link to Journal Site: http://ccs.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This case demonstrates an integrative approach to the treatment of an American Indian. The client, a 37-year-old female, presented with feelings of depression and a past history of alcohol dependence. She was residing on a reservation and had strong ties to her culture.

LaFromboise, T. D., Trimble, J. E., Mohatt, G. V. (1990).
Counseling Intervention and American Indian Tradition: An Integrative Approach.
The Counseling Psychologist, 18(4), 628-654.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The training of American Indian counseling and community psychologists should move away from conventional counseling tenets toward the use of culturally sensitive mental health approaches that maintain American Indian values. In this article, unique American Indian social and psychological perspectives concerning the process and theory of counseling are contrasted with the individualistic focus, style, and outcomes of therapy as practiced in America today.

Letiecq, B. L., Bailey, S. J. (2004).
Evaluating from the Outside: Conducting Cross-Cultural Evaluation Research on an American Indian Reservation.
Evaluation Review, 28(4), 342-357.

Link to Journal Site: http://erx.sagepub.com/

Abstract
There is limited guidance for conducting competent and responsive cross-cultural evaluation research with American Indian communities. The authors draw on Fisher and Ball's Tribal Participatory Research Model to highlight ways in which this project is attempting to be culturally appropriate and sensitive as they partner with an American Indian community to implement and evaluate a youth-based initiative.

Limb, G. E., Hodge, D. R. (2007).
Developing Spiritual Lifemaps as a Culture-Centered Pictorial Instrument for Spiritual Assessments with Native American Clients.
Research on Social Work Practice, 17(2), 296-304.

Link to Journal Site: http://rsw.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study represents an initial step at giving social work practitioners an important assessment tool as they seek to provide culturally competent services to Native American clients. For the current study, a spiritual lifemap assessment tool was modified by the authors for a Native American cultural context.

Willging, C. E. (2002).
Clanship and K'E: The Relatedness of Clinicians and Patients in a Navajo Counseling Center.
Transcultural Psychiatry, 39(1), 5-32.

Link to Journal Site: http://tps.sagepub.com/

Abstract
I examine the significance of clanship ties among mental health clinicians and patients in a counseling center on the Navajo Nation. Navajo clans are matrilineal, exogamous, and geographically dispersed social units. Clan relatives are expected to observe the rules of conduct embodied in the behavioral code of k'È . This code structures social interaction among clan relatives, obliging each party to employ intimate, age-appropriate kin designations in personal address and to act towards kinfolk compassionately and respectfully.

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Chapter 8: European Americans

Research Questions:

1. What is important to know about European Americans in order to effectively counsel them?
2. What distinctions might be made among European Americans for counseling purposes?
3. Discuss how white privilege can negatively affect European Americans.
4. Describe culture-specific counseling considerations for one European American cultural group.
5. What racial identity issues are important for European American counselors?
6. Is ethnic identity important for European Americans? How?

Alessandria, K. P. (2002).
Acknowledging White Ethnic Groups in Multicultural Counseling.
The Family Journal, 10(1), 57-60.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article emphasizes the importance of understanding and acknowledging all families' cultures, not just non-Whites'. It is intended to raise awareness of how White ethnic groups are currently viewed within the counseling field. Rather than comparing other groups to European Americans and assuming that all Whites are alike, we need to understand all of our clients' ethnicities and the worldviews they hold.

Ancis, J. R., Szymanski, D. M. (2001).
Awareness of White Privilege among White Counseling Trainees.
The Counseling Psychologist, 29(4), 548-569.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
In this study, the written reactions of 34 White master's counseling students to a list developed by Peggy McIntosh describing her experience of White privilege were analyzed using qualitative methodology. Three general themes and corresponding subthemes were identified and revealed varied levels of awareness of White privilege.

Hyers, L. L., Swim, J. K. (1998).
A Comparison of the Experiences of Dominant and Minority Group Members during an Intergroup Encounter.
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 1(2), 143-163.

Link to Journal Site: http://gpi.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Focusing on the immediate effects of the intergroup situation on participants' anxiety, affect, cognitions, and task involvement, comparisons were made between the experiences of minority group members (African-Americans) and dominant group members (European-Americans) during intergroup encounters of varied group composition (i.e. participants held either solo or non-solo status).

Loewenthal, K. M., Rogers, M. B. (2004).
Culture-Sensitive Counselling, Psychotherapy and Support Groups in the Orthodox-Jewish Community: How they Work and How they are Experienced.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 50(3), 227-240.

Link to Journal Site: http://isp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The strengths and difficulties of providing culture-sensitive services in one community were identified. Areas for attention include vigilance regarding confidentiality, improvements in disseminating information, improvements in the reliability of funding and attention to systematic needs assessment, and to the examination of efficacy of these forms of service provision.

Sabnani, H. B., Ponterotto, J. G., Borodovsky, L. G. (1991).
White Racial Identity Development and Cross-Cultural Counselor Training: A Stage Model.
The Counseling Psychologist, 19(1), 76-102.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article integrates the work of cross-cultural counselor-training development theorists (Carney & Kahn, 1984; Rowe, 1989), racial-identity development specialists (e.g., Helms, 1984), and cross-cultural counseling competency experts (e.g., Sue et al, 1982) in the formation of a comprehensive multicultural training model for majority-group (White, middle-class) counselors.

Yasui, M., Dorham, C. L., Dishion, T. J. (2004).
Ethnic Identity and Psychological Adjustment: A Validity Analysis for European American and African American Adolescents.
Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 807-825.

Link to Journal Site: http://jar.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This research studied the role of ethnic identity as a protective factor among European American (n = 77) and African American (n = 82) adolescents identified either as high risk or successful. Adolescents participated in a multiagent, multimethod assessment of depression, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, competence, and academic achievement. The levels of ethnic identity were the same across ethnic groups but were higher among successful adolescents.

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Chapter 9: Middle Eastern Americans

Research Questions:

1. What are some specific psychological characteristics of Middle Easterners that might be considered in counseling?
2. What psychological disorders might some Middle Easterners be more likely to demonstrate than mainstream Americans?
3. What is important to know about Middle Easterners' possible attitudes toward seeking help?
4. How might counselors adapt counseling to a Middle Eastern collectivist worldview?
5. What factors might both researchers and counselors keep in mind in working with Middle Eastern populations?
6. Have differences been shown among different Middle Eastern cultures in adolescent attitudes? What are they?

Abdel-Khalek, A., Lester, D. (2002).
Can Personality Predict Suicidality? A Study in Two Cultures.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 48(3), 231-239.

Link to Journal Site: http://isp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Kuwaiti (n = 460) and American (n = 273) undergraduates responded to seven questionnaires in Arabic and English, respectively. It was found that Kuwaiti students attained significantly higher total mean scores on ego-grasping orientation (anti-Taoist orientation), death obsession, pessimism, obsession-compulsion and anxiety scales than the American students, while the latter group had a significantly high mean score on an optimism scale.

Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Fakher-Aldin, M. (2003).
Telephone Counseling: A Comparison of Arab and Jewish Israeli Usage.
International Social Work, 46(4), 495-509.

Link to Journal Site: http://isw.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Arab Israeli callers to an Israeli telephone counseling service are analyzed, comparing them with Jewish Israeli callers, in order to better understand Arab mental health utilization and needs.

Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Dean, Y. Z., Eltaiba, N. (2004).
Cross-National Study of Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Help: Jordan, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Arabs in Israel.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 50(2), 102-114.

Link to Journal Site: http://isw.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Help-seeking processes provide critical links between the onset of mental health problems and the provision of professional care. But little is known about these processes in the Arab world, and still less in transnational, comparative terms. This is the first study to compare help-seeking processes among Muslim Arab female students in Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and Israel.

Dwairy, M. (2002).
Psychotherapy in Competition With Culture: A Case Study of an Arab Woman.
Clinical Case Studies, 1(3), 254-267.

Link to Journal Site: http://ccs.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Psychotherapy typically addresses the intrapsychic arena in order to accomplish self-awareness and self-actualization. When dealing with clients from a collective/authoritarian cultural background, the intrapsychic arena is secondary to the intrafamilial one. Application of psychotherapy that aims to help the collective person express her authentic feelings and uncover repressed contents confronts the collective/authoritarian culture.

Dwairy, M., Achoui, M., Abouserie, R., Farah, A., Sakhleh, A. A., Fayad, M., Khan, H. K. (2006).
Parenting Styles in Arab Societies: A First Cross-Regional Research Study.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(3), 230-247.

Link to Journal Site: http://jcc.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The Arab language version of the Parental Authority Questionnaire was administered to 2,893 Arab adolescents in eight Arab societies. Results show that all parenting styles differed across Arab societies. Cluster analysis revealed three combined parenting patterns: inconsistent (permissive and authoritarian), controlling (authoritarian and authoritative), and flexible (authoritative and permissive).

Dwairy, M., Achoui, M., Abouserie, R., Farah, A. (2006).
Adolescent-Family Connectedness among Arabs: A Second Cross-Regional Research Study.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(3), 248-261.

Link to Journal Site: http://jcc.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale was administered to 2,893 Arab adolescents in eight Arab societies. Results show that adolescent-family connectedness differs significantly across the Arab societies. Arabs scored higher in emotional, financial, functional, and total connectedness than Americans. Female adolescents were more connected than male adolescents in all three kinds of connectedness.

Mocan-Aydin, G. (2000).
Western Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy within Turkey: Crossing Cultural Boundaries. The Counseling Psychologist, 28(2), 281-298.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article examines the current usage of Western counseling and psychotherapeutic models with a special emphasis on the local realities of Turkish culture. It explores the applicability of the Western counseling models and reviews the current status of the application of the Western models along with the related practices in Turkish clinical and nonclinical settings.

Zebian, S., Alamuddin, R., Maalouf, M., Chatila, Y. (2007).
Developing an Appropriate Psychology through Culturally Sensitive Research Practices in the Arabic-Speaking World: A Content Analysis of Psychological Research Published Between 1950 and 2004.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 91-122.

Link to Journal Site: http://jcc.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Contemporary psychologists in the Arabic-speaking world remain deeply concerned with many of the same foundational issues that have impeded the development of sustainable research traditions since at least the 1950s. As a means of assessing historical and current trends in regional research practices, the project reported in this article employs a content analysis method to assess the cultural sensitivity.

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Chapter 10: Latino/Latina Americans

Research Questions:

1. What is important to know about populations definitions and demographics among Latino/Latina peoples?
2. How might acculturation among Latinos/Latinas affect counseling?
3. How might client-counselor ethnic match or mismatch affect counseling work?
4. What part might the family play in the mental health of Latino/Latina clients?
5. What specific factors might be considered in helping Latino/Latina elders?
6. How are various Latino/Latina cultural groups similar and different in some characteristics?
7. What has been found regarding depression and marital adjustment for Latino/Latina couples?
8. What part might acculturative stress play in the life adjustment of Latino/Latina immigrants?

Arredondo, P., Aviles, R. M. D., Zalaquett, C. P., Grazioso, M., Bordes, V., Hita, L., Lopez, B. J. (2006).
The Psychohistorical Approach in Family Counseling With Mestizo/Latino Immigrants: A Continuum and Synergy of Worldviews.
The Family Journal, 14(1), 13-27.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
A panel composed of Latino counseling professionals representing varied Mestizo backgrounds discusses their personal and professional experiences surrounding the Mestizo/Latino diaspora. This article discusses population definitions, contextual variables, and demographics regarding Mestizos/Latinos, along with life transition issues and ethnic-heritage themes. A psychohistorical approach to family counseling is presented, and illustrative vignettes, including personal anecdotes by the conference presenters/authors, are provided. Recommendations for practice are offered.

Gamst, G., Dana, R. H., Der-Karabetian, A., Aragon, M., Arellano, L. M., Kramer, T. (2002).
Effects of Latino Acculturation and Ethnic Identity on Mental Health Outcomes.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 24(4), 479-504.

Link to Journal Site: http://hjb.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The relationships among client-therapist ethnic match, client age group, client acculturation, ethnic identity, and generation level and their effect on client global assessment of function (GAF), total mental health visits, and costs were examined with a sample of 204 Latino adult and child community mental health clients.

Miranda, A. O., Bilot, J. M., Peluso, P. R., Berman, K., Van Meek, L. G. (2006).
Latino Families: The Relevance of the Connection Among Acculturation, Family Dynamics, and Health for Family Counseling Research and Practice.
The Family Journal, 14(3), 268-273.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Acculturation is a central experience for Latinos in the United States. In this article, the authors define acculturation and address its evolution from a unidimensional to a multidimensional construct. Also, the authors present central dynamics of the Latino culture and to Latino families before they address the manner in which acculturation relates to selected health indices. Last, the authors present the family as a mediator between acculturation and health for Latinos.

Smart, J. F., Smart, D. W. (1995).
Acculturative Stress: The Experience of the Hispanic Immigrant.
The Counseling Psychologist, 23(1),25-42.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Acculturative stress is the psychological impact of adaptation to a new culture. For Hispanics who come to the United States, there are a number of significant stressors that are likely to be pervasive, intense, and lifelong. Counselors need to learn the reality of the Hispanic immigrants and help them adapt to these stressors. This article defines and describes these aspects of acculturative stress.

Szapocznik, J, Santisteban, D, Kurtines, W M., Hervis, O, Spencer, F. (1982).
Life Enhancement Counseling and the Treatment of Depressed Cuban American Elders.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 487-502.

Link to Journal Site: http://hjb.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article reports on a demonstration project designed to develop a psychosocial model of services for treating depressed Cuban American elders. Data were collected to identify client variables and treatment variables that are differentially predictive of treatment effectiveness with depressed Hispanic elders.

Trevino, Y. A., Wooten, H. R., Scott, R. E. (2007).
A Correlational Study Between Depression and Marital Adjustment in Hispanic Couples.
The Family Journal, 15(1), 46-52.

Link to Journal Site: http://hjb.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study examines the relationships between depression and marital adjustment in Hispanic couples as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory—II and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The participants were 98 married Hispanic couples from Las Vegas and San Antonio area churches and community centers who volunteered to participate in this study.

Umana-Taylor, A. J., Fine, M. A. (2001).
Methodological Implications of Grouping Latino Adolescents into One Collective Ethnic Group.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, \ 23(4), 347-362.

Link to Journal Site: http://hjb.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study examined the methodological appropriateness of categorizing Latinos as a homogenous population when assessing ethnic identity, self-esteem, emotional autonomy, and familial ethnic socialization.

Utsey, S. O., Hammar, L., Gernat, C. A. (2005).
Examining the Reactions of White, Black, and Latino/a Counseling Psychologists to a Study of Racial Issues in Counseling and Supervision Dyads.
The Counseling Psychologist, 33(4), 565-573.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study was intended to widen the dialogue within and among counseling psychology training programs and among researchers and counselor educators regarding the significance of racial issues in the counseling and supervision dyad.

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Chapter 11: South Asian Americans

Research Questions:

1. What specific factors in marital relationships for South Asians might counselors keep in mind?
2. What cultural dimensions of South Asian parenting are important for counselors to know?
3. What issues are involved in working with domestic violence and South Asians?
4. How might at least one South Asian cultural value affect client adjustment?
5. Describe particular life adjustment issues for South Asian immigrants.

Abbassi, A., Singh, R. N. (2006).
Assertiveness in Marital Relationships Among Asian Indians in the United States.
The Family Journal, 14(4), 392-399.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The article is aimed at a clarification and psychometric treatment of the concept of assertiveness in marital relationships among Asian Indians in the United States by reporting a study that attempted to operationally define the concept of assertiveness through indicators grouped under courage, authenticity, and autonomy.

Maiter, S., George, U. (2003).
Understanding Context and Culture in the Parenting Approaches of Immigrant South Asian Mothers.
Affilia, 18(4). 411-428.

Link to Journal Site: http://aff.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This qualitative study of the parenting approaches of immigrant South Asian Canadian mothers found that character formation and identity formation were the mothers' key goals of parenting. Internalized cultural values, beliefs, and norms and external factors related to their social context and environment, such as collectivism, dual socialization, and environmental stress, guided the mothers' approaches to parenting.

Preisser, A. B. (1999).
Domestic Violence in South Asian Communities in America: Advocacy and Intervention.
Violence Against Women, 5(6), 684-699.

Link to Journal Site: http://vaw.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Domestic violence in the South Asian communities in America has gone unnoticed largely because the social stigma of admitting such information, even to close friends, is profound. Even though younger South Asian women victims of domestic violence who have been raised in the United States are more likely to seek institutional services than older immigrant women, cultural differences between the victims and the local social service institutions as well as service providers continue to be problematic. Service providers require a culturally sound model for dealing with South Asian victims.

Slaney, R. B., Chadha, N., Mobley, M., Kennedy, S. (2000).
Perfectionism in Asian Indians: Exploring the Meaning of the Construct in India.
The Counseling Psychologist, 28(1), 10-31.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Two studies explored the meaning of the construct of perfectionism in India. The first study examined the relevance of the Almost Perfect Scale, a measure of the dimensions of perfectionism, for 321 Hindu, Asian Indian students at the University of Delhi. A second study interviewed 5 students and faculty members at the University of Delhi who were selected as potential exemplars of perfectionism. The results of both studies are compared to the results for samples gathered in the United States, and their similarities and differences are discussed.

Vohra, N., Adair, J. (2000).
Life Satisfaction of Indian Immigrants in Canada.
Psychology Developing Societies, 12(2), 109-138.

Link to Journal Site: http://pds.sagepub.com/

Abstract
It is a common conception that immigrants face numerous problems and considerable stress in the process of adjustment to a new culture. The life satisfaction of immigrants from India was assessed using the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985).

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Part III. Social Groups

Chapter 12: Social Class

Research Questions:

1. What are some reasons why social class has not been greatly included in the discussion of culture and counseling?
2. How does social class affect career and how might counselors address those issues?
3. How does social class affect diagnosis of mental disorders?
4. What mental disorders are associated with poverty?
5. Why is it important that social class be included in counseling work and research?
6. How might descriptions of social classes be problematic and harmful?

Heppner, M.J., Scott, A. B. (2004).
From Whence We Came: The Role of Social Class in Our Families of Origin.
The Counseling Psychologist, 32(4), 596-602.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
As Whiston and Keller's integrative review illuminates, several contextual factors (e.g., particularly sex and race) have begun to receive attention in the past 20 years in the career development literature. Their review also demonstrates that social class and socioeconomic status (SES), as contextual variables, have not. Authors of this reaction hypothesize about why this maybe the case. They also argue for the importance of investigating the entire spectrum of social class—lower, middle, and upper.

Liu, W. M., Ali, S. R. (2005).
Addressing Social Class and Classism in Vocational Theory and Practice: Extending the Emancipatory Communitarian Approach.
The Counseling Psychologist , 33(2), 189-196.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The emancipatory communitarian approach to vocational development is congruent with previous calls to counseling psychologists to be oriented to social justice in their research and practice. However, even in the current emancipatory communitarian approach, an implicit upward mobility bias favors some vocations. To help understand how to better apply the emancipatory communitarian approach, a social class and classism framework is incorporated to explore how upward mobility bias distorts and ignores negative aspects of higher status and higher prestige jobs and does not recognize potential positive aspects of lower status and working-class jobs.

Schubert, D., Miller, S. (1978).
Social Class and Psychiatric Diagnosis: Differential Findings in a Lower-Class Sample.
International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 24(2), 117-124.

Link to Journal Site: http://isp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This early study analyzes looks at psychiatric diagnoses in lower class populations in order to compare other social classes with the same diagnoses.

Storck, L. E. (1998).
Social Class Divisions in the Consulting Room: A Theory of Psychosocial Class and Depression.
Group Analysis, 31(1), 101-115.

Link to Journal Site: http://gaq.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Social class is one of the most confusing, complex and critical dynamics in modem life for individuals and groups. Overshadowed by ethnic and gender studies for the past twenty or thirty years, the subject deserves our renewed attention, especially as groups and societies struggle with rapidly changing economies and shifting resources.

Storck, L. E. (2002).
'Reality' or 'Illusion'? Five Things of Interest about Social Class as a Large Group.
Group Analysis, 35(3), 351-366.

Link to Journal Site: http://gaq.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article argues that social class, always a controversial and contested topic, can be viewed as a large group, and therefore, further study of social class dynamics, along with further study of large group dynamics, can be mutually informative. Definitions of modern social classes, various and multiple, essentially rank individuals and groups according to their access to resources and accumulated material or social wealth. Importantly; ranking implies a hierarchy of meaning or worth, thus devaluing large groups of people.

Weeks, M., Lupfer, M. B. (2004).
Complicating Race: The Relationship between Prejudice, Race, and Social Class Categorizations.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(8), 972-984.

Link to Journal Site: http://psp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Although racial stereotyping and prejudice research have received considerable attention, the important element of social class has been largely excluded from social psychological research. Using the Statement Recognition Procedure, two experiments investigated social categorization along race and social class dimensions, the influence of racial and social class prejudice on these categorizations, and differences between White and Black perceivers.

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Chapter 13: Gender

Research Questions:

1. What is a counseling approach that explicitly incorporates gender into the work and what is the general approach to helping?
2. What are a set of professional guidelines for counseling women? What are three key principles in them?
3. What is the nature of partner violence and what are guidelines for addressing it?
4. What are some gender issues in family counseling?
5. Are there differences in gender in the area of emotionality? What are the implications of the differences or the absence of such?

Enns, C. Z. (1993).
Twenty Years of Feminist Counseling and Therapy: From Naming Biases to Implementing Multifaceted Practice.
The Counseling Psychologist, 21(1), 3-87.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article summarizes the history and current status of feminist counseling and psychotherapy. It describes the formation and development of feminist therapy during the 1970s, compares early commitments with aspects of change and maturation during the second decade, and reviews areas of agreement and disagreement during the 1980s and early 1990s.

Fitzgerald, L. F., Nutt, R. (1986).
The Division 17 Principles Concerning the Counseling/Psychotherapy of Women: Rationale and Implementation.
The Counseling Psychologist, 14(1), 180-216.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
In 1978 the Division of Counseling Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA) approved the Principles Concerning the Counseling and Psychotherapy of Women as an official policy statement for the Division. These Principles, subsequently endorsed by Divisions 16,29, and 35, have also served as a general resource document for the APA, and are cited as a resource in the Guidelines for the Provision of Counseling Psychological Services.

Forrest, A., Steigerwald, F. (2004).
An Examination of Gender and Ethics in Family Counseling: A Case Study Approach--Part 1.
The Family Journal, 12(2), 174-176.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article is the first of a two-part series addressing the ethical handling of gender issues in family counseling. A case is discussed in which a couple, striving for greater equity, need some guidance from a counselor. The values of the clients and the counselor do not clash.

Hage, S. M. (2000).
The Role of Counseling Psychology in Preventing Male Violence Against Female Intimates.
The Counseling Psychologist, 28(6), 797-828.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Counseling psychology has a unique and important role to play in the reduction and elimination of interpersonal violence. This article provides a context for furthering preventative efforts within counseling psychology specifically aimed at ending and/or mitigating the effects of male violence against women.

Kasturirangan, A., Krishnan, S., Riger, S. (2004).
The Impact of Culture and Minority Status on Women's Experience of Domestic Violence.
Trauma Violence Abuse, 5(4), 318-332.

Link to Journal Site: http://tva.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The influence of culture and ethnic background on women's experience of domestic violence has been explored in research only recently. Here the authors review research about the impact of culture and minority status in the United States on women's experience of domestic violence, considering family structure, immigration, acculturation, oppression, and community response. The authors encourage researchers and service providers to acknowledge the effects on women of sociopolitical dynamics, including racism, and to identify specific aspects of culture that are relevant to intimate partner abuse.

Menjivar, C., Salcido, O. (2002).
Immigrant Women and Domestic Violence: Common Experiences in Different Countries.
Gender Society, 16(6), 898-920.

Link to Journal Site: http://gas.sagepub.com/

Abstract
In this article, the authors assess the still limited literature on domestic violence among immigrant women in major receiving countries so as to begin delineating a framework to explain how immigrant-specific factors exacerbate the already vulnerable position—as dictated by class, gender, and race—of immigrant women in domestic violence situations.

Steigerwald, F., Forrest, A. (2004).
An Examination of Gender and Ethics in Family Counseling--Part 2: a Case Study Approach Using a Social Constructivism Model of Ethical Decision Making.
The Family Journal, 12(3), 278-281.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Part one of this series of two articles deals with a case study in which the family counselor addressed gender issues of communication and power differential within the couple's interactions. This article, part 2, addresses a more complex case in which the clients' gender issues and values differ with the counselor's values and theoretical orientation.

Wester, S. R., Vogel, D. L., Pressly, P. K., Heesacker, M. (2002).
Sex Differences in Emotion: A Critical Review of the Literature and Implications for Counseling Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 30(4), 630-652.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article examines the findings of several reviews of the empirical literature on biological sex and emotion, focusing on the degree to which perceived sex differences in emotionality are, and in most cases are not, supported while at the same time addressing the implications this body of research has for counseling psychologists.

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Chapter 14: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients

Research Questions:

1. What are some gaps in the research and writing about LGB persons in the counseling field?
2. Name some of the stereotypes of LGB persons and how they affect family counseling.
3. What effects does counselor perceived bias have on LGB clients' coming to and returning to counseling?
4. Describe at least three issues that are particular to working with LGB clients.
5. What ethical factors are involved in effectively working with LGB clients?
6. What is the effect of biological explanations of LGB orientation, and of race? How are these explanations harmful and/or helpful?
7. Describe a model of lesbian identity formation and why it is important to have such a model separate from general gay identity development models.

Bowman, S. L. (2003).
A Call to Action in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Theory Building and Research.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(1), 63-69.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Phillips, Ingram, Smith, and Mindes's significant contribution exposes some of the gaps in our current writing regarding gay men, lesbian women, and bisexual men and women. Counseling psychology should incorporate gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) samples into some of our current mainstream areas of study, including a focus on lesbian women, gay men, and bisexual men and women as separate groups, and more sophisticated theorizing and research.

Chen-Hayes, S. F. (1997).
Counseling Lesbian, Bisexual, and Gay Persons in Couple and Family Relationships: Overcoming the Stereotypes.
The Family Journal, 5(3), 236-240.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Eighteen stereotypes that affect gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients are listed. Each stereotype is addressed in terms of the issues and questions raised for couple and family counseling.

Dorland, J. M., Fischer, A. R. (2001)
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Individuals' Perceptions: An Analogue Study.
The Counseling Psychologist, 29(4), 532-547.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
One hundred twenty-six participants who self-identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual read a vignette of an intake counseling interview. Half of the participants read a vignette that contained heterosexist language, and the other group reviewed a vignette that was free of heterosexist language bias. The authors hypothesized that the heterosexist bias-free group would (a) perceive and rate the counselor more positively, (b) express a higher likelihood of returning to see the counselor, (c) express greater willingness to disclose personal information to the counselor, and (d) express greater comfort in disclosing sexual orientation to the counselor than would the group that reviewed the vignette with heterosexist bias.

Fassinger, R. E. (1991).
The Hidden Minority: Issues and Challenges in Working with Lesbian Women and Gay Men.
The Counseling Psychologist, 19(2), 157-176.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article provides an overview of salient issues related to scientific and therapeutic work with lesbian women and gay men.

Janson, G. R. (2002).
Family Counseling and Referral with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients: Ethical Considerations.
The Family Journal, 10(3), 328-333.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract

Couple, marriage, and family counselors face unique ethical and practice challenges in their dual
commitment to the positive growth and integrity of both the individual and the family system. These challenges may become acute when working with stigmatized and oppressed populations such as gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered persons and their families.

Jayaratne, T. E., Ybarra, O., Sheldon, J. P., Brown, T. N., Feldbaum, M., Pfeffer, C. A., Petty, E. M. (2006).
White Americans' Genetic Lay Theories of Race Differences and Sexual Orientation: Their Relationship with Prejudice toward Blacks, and Gay Men and Lesbians.
Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 77-94.

Link to Journal Site: http://gpi.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study examined the relationship between White Americans' genetic explanations, conceptualized as genetic lay theories, for perceived racial differences and for sexual orientation, and attitudes toward Blacks, and gay men and lesbians, respectively.

McCarn, S. R., Fassinger, R. E. (1996).
Revisioning Sexual Minority Identity Formation: A New Model of Lesbian Identity and its Implications for Counseling and Research.
The Counseling Psychologist, 24(3), 508-534.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article describes a new, inclusive model of lesbian identity formation. A rationale for the model is presented, which includes a review of relevant literature in lesbian/gay identity, racial/ethnic identity, and gender issues related to identity development.

Phillips, J. C., Ingram, K. M., Smith, N. G., Mindes, E. J. (2003).
Methodological and Content Review of Lesbian-, Gay-, and Bisexual-Related Articles in Counseling Journals: 1990-1999.
The Counseling Psychologist, 31(1), 25-62.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Despite the reduction of overt heterosexist biases in the psychological literature, questions exist about the content and methodology of articles on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues in the counseling literature. This study provides a content and methodological analysis of 119 LGB-related articles that were published in eight major counseling journals from 1990-1999 and extends past reviews by examining issues related to bisexuality.

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Chapter 15: Religion and Spirituality

Research Questions:

1. How might religious beliefs be integrated into couples and family counseling?
2. How might spirituality be a resource for women with abusive partners?
3. How might spirituality be incorporated into counseling in a postmodern age?
4. How can counselors help religious clients deal with divorce?
5. What are overall trends in incorporating religion and spirituality into counseling and what are their implications for counseling training?

Frame, M. W. (1996).
A Social Constructionist Approach to Counseling Religious Couples.
The Family Journal, 4(4), 299-307.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article describes the challenges couples and family counselors may encounter when working with particular religious clients, presents a rationale for integrating religious beliefs and counseling, suggests a social constructionist perspective as a means of viewing the dilemma, and, by way of a case illustration, offers practical strategies for enhancing couples counseling with this population.

Gillum, T. L., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D. I. (2006).
The Importance of Spirituality in the Lives of Domestic Violence Survivors.
Violence Against Women, 12(3), 240-250.

Link to Journal Site: http://vaw.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Women with abusive partners utilize a variety of coping strategies to deal with and heal from the violence and sense of betrayal they have experienced. For many women, their trust in a higher power and the support they receive from their faith community is integral to their healing.

Lines, D. (2002).
Counseling within a New Spiritual Paradigm.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(3), 102-123.

Link to Journal Site: http://jhp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Postmodernism has brought an altered outlook that many find unsettling—secularization, moral relativity, and pluralism. The old, certain world has given way to a new spiritual paradigm that has implications for spiritual counseling.

Murray, K. A. (2002).
Religion and Divorce: Implications and Strategies for Counseling.
The Family Journal, 10(2), 190-194.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The religious and spiritual concerns of clients and families experiencing divorce can be complicated and deep rooted. Many counselors are faced with the task of helping clients through divorce within a religious context, a context that is uncomfortable for many.

McWhirter, J. J. (1989).
Religion and the Practice of Counseling Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 17(4), 613-616.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Might religion, like sexual preference, be "coming out of the closet?" With Sperry's (1988) article and now Worthington's (this issue) in The Counseling Psychologist, religion could be a subject that is acceptable for discussion by counseling psychologists.

Schulte, D. L., Skinner, T. A., Claibom, C. D. (2002).
Religious and Spiritual Issues in Counseling Psychology Training.
The Counseling Psychologist, 30(1), 118-134.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
To explore the kind of training counseling psychology programs provide with respect to religious and spiritual issues, surveys were distributed to training directors or designated representatives of 69 counseling psychology programs in the United States.

Turner, T. E., Center, H., Kiser, J. D. (2004).
Uniting Spirituality and Sexual Counseling
The Family Journal, 12(4), 419-422.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The historical barrier between spirituality or religion and counseling appears to be diminishing as interest in and emphasis on spirituality expands. The inherent transcendence of spirituality has implications for greater sexual understanding and fulfillment. Counselors who unite sexual counseling and spirituality must examine their personal experiences, values, and beliefs in the spiritual realm as well as become familiar with the various spiritual contexts of clients.

Worthington, E. L., Jr. (1989).
Religious Faith Across the Life Span: Implications for Counseling and Research.
The Counseling Psychologist, 17(4), 555-612.

Link to Journal Site: http://tfj.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The thesis of this article is that psychologists can benefit in assessment and counseling of clients and in research by understanding the religious development of many of their religious clients throughout the life span.

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Chapter 16: The Practice of Culturally Alert Counseling

Research Questions:

1. What are some predictors of competence in multicultural counseling?
2. What is the debate between the universalist and particularist approaches to multicultural counseling? How might that debate be addressed? In particular, what is the role of common factors and of person-centered approaches in multicultural counseling?
3. Describe an ecological model for multicultural counseling.
4. What is still needed in the area of multicultural counseling practice?
5. What are important issues for training White multicultural counselors to practice effectively with clients of color?

Constantine, M. G. (2000).
Social Desirability Attitudes, Sex, and Affective and Cognitive Empathy as Predictors of Self-Reported Multicultural Counseling Competence.
The Counseling Psychologist, 28(6), 857-872.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This study explored the relative contributions of social desirability attitudes, sex, and affective and cognitive empathy to self-reported multicultural counseling competence.

Fischer, A. R., Jome, L. M., Atkinson, D. R. (1998).
Reconceptualizing Multicultural Counseling: Universal Healing Conditions in a Culturally Specific Context.
The Counseling Psychologist, 26(4), 525-588.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Some tension appears to exist in the literature between the emic, or culturally specific, and etic, or universal, approaches to counseling with culturally different clients. Prompted by the lack of clear theoretical models for multicultural counseling, as well as by the inability of specific factors to explain treatment effectiveness in general, we suggest that consideration of the common factors found in psychotherapy and healing across cultures provides a useful way to bridge the gap between culturally specific and universal approaches.

Hoffman, M.A. (1993).
Multiculturalism as a Force in Counseling Clients with HIV-Related Concerns.
The Counseling Psychologist, 21(4), 712-731.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Multiculturalism has been described as a 'fourth force' in understanding human behavior. A multicultural perspective is particularly important in understanding HIV disease because the AIDS epidemic has been defined by cultural variables.

MacDougall, C. (2002).
Rogers's Person-Centered Approach: Considerations for Use in Multicultural Counseling.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 48-65.

Link to Journal Site: http://jhp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
To provide competent counseling services to an increasingly diverse clientele, attention must be given to the applicability of the dominant theoretical orientations. This article considers the applicability of Rogers's person-centered approach in multicultural counseling contexts.

Neville, H. A., Mobley, M. (2001).
Social Identities in Contexts: An Ecological Model of Multicultural Counseling Psychology Processes.
The Counseling Psychologist, 29(4), 471-486.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The five articles comprising the Major Contribution in this issue are synthesized and serve as the foundation of an ecological model for contextualizing multicultural counseling psychology processes.

Ponterro, J.G. (1996).
Multicultural Counseling in the Twenty-First Century.
The Counseling Psychologist, 24(2), 259-268.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This reaction article is organized along three major topics that reflect the profession's growth in multicultural counseling. These three areas include theoretical advances, training and evaluation efforts, and ethnic minority representation issues.

Spanierman, L. B., Poteat, V. P. (2005).
Moving Beyond Complacency to Commitment: Multicultural Research in Counseling Psychology.
The Counseling Psychologist, 33(4), 513-523.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The findings analyzed by these authors underscore the need for increased attention and critical examination of multicultural issues in practice and research. They elaborate on these findings to further discuss the unique implications for White counselors and researchers.

Sue, D.W. (1996).
Multicultural Counseling: Models, Methods, and Actions.
The Counseling Psychologist, 24(2), 279-284.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The study of multicultural counseling and therapy has continued to mature and become influential in the helping professions. However, there is a need to develop new models, methods and actions to bring true multiculturalism to the counseling profession.

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Appendices – Counseling and Advocacy Competencies

Arredondo, P. (1998).
Integrating Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Universal Helping Conditions in Culture-Specific Contexts.
The Counseling Psychologist, 26(4), 592-601.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
The multicultural field is dynamic, and each day, there appears more new literature reflecting etic, emic and integrated models. There is room for all, and it is encouraging that articles on multiculturalism, both new models and research studies are being reported in the journal.

Carney, C. G., Kahn, K. B. (1984).
Building Competencies for Effective Cross-Cultural Counseling: A Developmental View.
The Counseling Psychologist, 12(1), 111-119.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This paper examines the stages through which trainees pass on their way to the development of competency in working with someone of a dissimilar racial or ethnic background.

Coleman, H.L.K. (1996).
Portfolio Assessment of Multicultural Counseling Competency.
The Counseling Psychologist, 24(2), 216-

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Portfolio assessment is an alternate approach to the measurement of multicultural counseling competency. This type of assessment encourages the learner to present concrete evidence that demonstrates his or her current level of multicultural counseling competency.

Hage, S. M., Romano, J. L., Conyne, R. K., Kenny, M., Matthews, C., Schwartz, J. P., Waldo, M. (2007).
Best Practice Guidelines on Prevention Practice, Research, Training, and Social Advocacy for Psychologists.
The Counseling Psychologist, 35(4), 493-566.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Preventive interventions have been shown to successfully aid the development of children, youths, and adults and avert maladjustment in individuals at risk for negative outcomes. Continued scientific advancement of preventive interventions is crucial to further the health of U.S. children, youths, and families. This article presents 15 best practice guidelines on prevention practice, research, training, and social advocacy for psychology.

Pope-Davis, D. B., Toporek, R. L., Ortega-Villalobos, L., Ligiero, D. P., Brittan-Powell, C. S., Liu, W. M., Bashshur, M. R., Codrington, J. N., Liang, C. T. H. (2002).
Client Perspectives of Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Qualitative Examination.
The Counseling Psychologist, 30(3), 355-393.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Multicultural competence is a burgeoning area of research in counseling psychology. However, there has been little focus on understanding multicultural competence from the perspective of clients. This study used qualitative interviews and grounded theory to develop a model of clients' perspectives of multicultural counseling.

Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. E., Durran, A., Feinberg, L., Pedersen, P., Smith, E. J., Vasquez-Nuttall, E. (1982).
Position Paper: Cross-Cultural Counseling Competencies.
The Counseling Psychologist, 10(2), 45-52.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
Ever since the 1960s, counseling and psychotherapy have been challenged as to the appropriateness of the services they offer to minority clients. A barrage of criticism has been leveled at traditional counseling methods. Admonitions to develop new concepts, methods and services have been plentiful. Yet many mental health educators continue to argue the merits of including curriculum on ethnic and minority groups.

Yeh, C. J., Inman, A. G. (2007).
Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation in Counseling Psychology: Strategies for Best Practices.
The Counseling Psychologist, 35(3), 369-403.

Link to Journal Site: http://tcp.sagepub.com/

Abstract
This article presents an overview of various strategies and methods of engaging in qualitative data interpretations and analyses in counseling psychology. The authors explore the themes of self, culture, collaboration, circularity, trustworthiness, and evidence deconstruction from multiple qualitative methodologies.

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